Henrich Heine Norenzayan 2010 know what WEIRD stands for and 2 11 14 the central point of this article W western E educated I industrialized R rich D demographic PRINT OUT ARTICLE AND HIGHLIGHT IMPORTANT THINGS Be able to define the following terms population sample sample generalizability cross population generalizability target population census representative sample population the entire set of individuals to which study findings are to be generalized ex families schools sample a subset of a population used to study the population as a whole sample generalizability can findings based on a sample be applied to the larger population from which the sample was drawn Cross population generalizability can findings of a study of one population be applied to other populations Target population Census studying the whole population Representative sample a sample that closely resembles the population from which it was selected in all aspects relevant to the study Know what makes obtaining a representative sample easier they are larger samples so they are more representative easier to derive a representative from a homogenous population Understand random sampling know the role of the sampling frame in random sampling random sampling cases are only selected on the basis of chance you must know your population poor response rates make your study nonrandom and nonrepresentative Be able to define and provide examples of the following types of random sampling simple random sampling unbiased representation of a group ex lottery flipping a coin systematic random sampling selected according to a random starting point and a fixed periodic interval ex every 10th cluster sampling random sample of clusters is drawn random sample of elements within each selected cluster is drawn ex people who live in different postal districts Understand stratified random sampling proportionate and disproportionate stratified random sampling to ensure that various types of groups are included in your sample proportionate random sampling in direct proportion to groups in population disproportionate proportion of each group does not match population Define secondary data Describe benefits of using secondary data 2 13 14 secondary data data not collected by the researcher from large nationally representative surveys benefits easy access and low cost sample size and generalizability timeliness fast make sure it fits with the research question trade off between representative and measurement not easy to learn how to use large data sizes Know important issues to consider when using secondary data need panel data know the skip pattern know the geographic content Describe drawbacks of secondary data Understand nonprobability sampling methods and how they are different from Be able to define and provide examples of the following availability convenience 2 18 14 random sampling nonprobability sampling use of a subset of the population to represent the whole population sampling quota sampling purposive sampling availability sampling take who you can get explanatory ex a drinking survey the professor uses his college students for the study quota sampling make sure sample represents certain characteristics in the population ex 100 people based on sex First you would need to find out the proportion of the population that is men and the proportion that is women If you found out the larger population is 40 women and 60 men you would need a sample of 40 women and 60 men for a total of 100 respondents Purposive sampling selected based on the knowledge of the population and the purpose of the study ex school spirit at pep rally they would interview the people who seemed least interested in it injection of drug users homeless people Define and provide examples of techniques for sampling hidden populations targeted sampling time space sampling snowball sampling respondent driven sampling targeted sampling using outreach techniques to attract a hidden population ex outreach programs time space sampling figure out when and where hidden populations meet and then go there and sample them snowball sampling participants identify other participants respondent driven sampling give the respondents an incentive to do it and get other Provide examples of hidden populations to also Describe benefits of observational methods Know how the New Parents Project NPP sampled Describe drawbacks of observational methods including observer influence and they did home observations field study observe family subsystems obtain more objective info can tell us effects of something on a behavior provide a detailed analysis of behavior and interpersonal processes observer bias time consuming and expensive inconsistency across researchers sampling issues ex bias and size observer influence presence of a observer changes behavior observer bias observer sees what he wants to see field positive behavior in natural setting negative may not see behaviors you are looking for lab positive can set up a situation to elicit behavior negative behavior may not be natural Describe benefits and drawbacks of field vs lab observations Provide an example of a semi structured observation Describe the Lausanne Trilogue Play observational technique Describe interobserver reliability and the process used to achieve it 2 20 14 couple discussion mom dad baby interaction mom baby interaction dad baby interaction one parent plays with baby the other parent plays with the baby they both play with the baby together baby sleeps and couple talks together interobserver reliability when observers rate the same people on their behavior they should strongly agree on it process 3 6 months of training needs to check for coder drift important for rating complex bahviors Define triangulation and know why it is important for observational research the use of two or more measures of the same variable this leads to more confident validity Understand different ways of measuring child behavior ask a parent teacher observe the child ask the child yourself observations including the role of social desirability bias and negative bias benefits knows the child well teachers have comparison group cheap and easy drawbacks social desirability bias negative bias parents may not have a comparison group Be able to describe benefits drawbacks of parent teacher reports and Describe Mangelsdorf et al 2000 s argument about why observations and reports of children s behavior often don t agree LOOK UP Define survey research