Ch 14 Health Psychology 11 27 12 2 10 PM Health Psychology A subfield of psychology that focuses on maintaining health and preventing treating illness Biopsychosocial Model of Health The integration of biological psychological and social factors in dealing with health related behaviors Health Behaviors Practices that have an impact on physical well being How do we get people to do more healthy behaviors and stop doing unhealthy behaviors Question Answer Theory of Reasoned Action Theory of Planned Behavior Theory of Reasoned Action Specific intentions promise to self to change Positive attitudes feel good about the change Approval of social group feel support from friends Theory of Planned Behavior Specific intentions Positive attitudes promise to self to change feel good about the change Approval of social group feel support from friends Perception of Control feel you have the power to change What is the specific process of behavioral change Question Answer Stages of Change Model o 5 step process by which people give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles Stages of Change Model Step 1 Precontemplation not ready to change Step 2 Contemplation they need to change Step 3 Preparation Determination preparing to take action Step 4 Action Willpower enact a plan Step 5 Maintenance success over time Resources for Positive Change Motivation Social Relationships Religious Faith Personality Characteristics Relapse A return to former unhealthy behavior patterns Resources for change health Social Relationships Probably the most important variable in predicting Social Support Feedback from others that one is loved cared for valued and included in a network of communication Three benefits of Social Support Tangible Assistance Information Emotional Support and Social Sharing Personality Characteristics High levels in each of these traits leads to healthier longer lives Conscientiousness Personal Control Self Efficacy Optimism Stress and Health Term used to describe physical emotional cognitive and behavioral responses to events that are perceived as threatening or Stressors events that cause stress reactions challenging Decisions Adaptations Physical threats Emotional challenges Change All of these cause STRESS Distress Stress that is caused by unpleasant happenings Eustress Stress that is caused by positive happenings Types of Stressors Catastrophes Unpredictable event that happens on a large scale Major Life Changes Landmark events that change your life Hassles Daily annoyances of life Typical Sources of Stress Pressure Personal Control Frustration Conflict Pressure Demands and expectations are high from an outside source Time is often a source of pressure your own behaviors and choices Personal Control You feel that you are responsible for and in control of Learned Helplessness After repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events organisms will develop a tendency to remain in stressful situations even when escape is possible Learned Helpless leads to increased illness depression and anxiety Frustration Occurs when people are blocked from achieving their goal disorders Responses to Frustration Persistence Aggression Displacement Escape withdrawal Conflict Having to choose between two options where both options are good bad or both Approach approach conflict Torn between two desirable goals Avoidance avoidance conflict Torn between two undesirable goals Approach avoidance conflict Choosing yes or no about a goal that has both good and bad things about it Responses to Stress Physical Problems Emotional Problems Cognitive Problems Stress Reaction Three Stages Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Stress and Personality Type A Personalities Type B Personalities General Adaptation Syndrome Hans Selye s description of what happens when you make strong demands on the body Workaholics very ambitious competitive easily annoyed Easygoing slow to anger sloppy disorganized Type A personalities much more likely to have coronary diseases Type C Personalities Internalize feelings want everyone to get along avoid conflict Type C personality is strongly associated with cancer Hardy Personalities Tend to thrive on stress o Have a deep sense of commitment to goals o Feel in control of their lives o See things as challenges Cognitive Appraisal An individual s interpretation of an event as either harmful threatening or challenging and the person s evaluation of whether he she has the resources to deal with the event Cognitive Appraisal Model Primary appraisal Estimating the severity of the stressor and classifying it as a threat Coping A kind of problem solving that involves managing stressful circumstances expending effort to solve life s difficulties and seeking to a challenge or a loss Secondary appraisal What are my resources reduce stress Types of Coping Strategies Problem Focused Coping solve them Emotion Focused Coping Cognitive strategy of squarely facing one s troubles and trying to Trying to manage one s emotional reaction to a stressor rather than focusing on the root problem
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