Chapter 57 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template 57 1 Biogeochemical Cycles 1 Define ecosystem a All the organisms b c Plus the abiotic environment In a particular place 2 Define biogeochemical cycle 3 Describe how carbon cycles through most ecosystems Fig 57 1 What are the two main processes that cycle carbon How are humans creating imbalances in the carbon cycle 4 Describe how water cycles through ecosystems Fig 57 2 What are the two main processes that cycle water What is groundwater and why is it important How are humans altering the water cycle 5 Describe how nitrogen cycles through ecosystems Fig 57 4 What is meant by nitrogen fixation How are humans altering the nitrogen cycle 6 Describe how phosphorus cycles through ecosystems Fig 57 1 Compared to the other cycles how is this cycle different How are humans altering the phosphorus cycle 7 Describe the Hubbard Brook experiment Fig 57 7 57 2 The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems 1 Describe how both energy and matter move through an ecosystem a Energy is never recycled 2 What are the four forms that energy exists in a b c d Heat Light Chemical bond energy Motion 3 What is the First Law of Thermodynamics The Second Law a First Law Energy is neither created nor destroyed it changes forms b Second Law whenever organisms use chemical bond or light energy some is converted to heat c Earth functions as an open system for energy d Sun is our major source of energy e Earth s incoming and outgoing flows radiant energy must be equal for global temperatures to stay constant f Greenhouse effect heat accumulating on Earth causing global climate change g Humans are changing the composition of the atmosphere 4 Can organisms use heat as a form of energy 5 Explain what is meant by the Earth functions as an open system for energy 6 Use Figure 57 7 to understand the trophic levels within an ecosystem 7 Definitions a Food chain b Food web Chapter 57 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template c Autotroph self feeders synthesize the organic compounds of their bodies from inorganic precursors d Chemoautotroph e Photoautotroph f Heterotroph cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic precursors i Have only chemical bond energy left in primary producers ii Amount of chemical bond energy decreases as energy moves through trophic levels g Trophic level which level an organism feeds at i Number of trophic levels is limited by energy availability 1 Limits on top carnivores h Primary producers i Primary consumers j Herbivores insects k Primary carnivores small rodents l Secondary carnivores owls other animals that eat smaller animals m Detritivore worms microscopic organisms n Decomposer type of detritivore microscopic o Productivity the rate at which the organisms in the trophic level collectively synthesize new organic matter p Primary productivity productivity of the primary producers fixes CO2 into organic q Respiration rate at which primary producers break down organic compounds and r Gross primary productivity GPP raw rate s Net primary productivity NPP is the GPP respiration of the primary producers t Trophic cascade effects exerted at an upper level flow down to influence lower molecules releases CO2 levels i Top down effects effects flow down ii Bottom up effects effect flows up u Human removal of carnivores produces top down effect i Overfishing of cod 10 their pervious numbers 1 Prey of cod have become more abundant ii Jaguars and mountain lions absent on Barro Colorado Island 1 Smaller predators become abundant iii Grey wolves in Yellowstone ecosystem 8 Approximately what of the Sun s energy is captured by primary producers 1 9 Explain how energy is lost between trophic levels Fig 57 9 10 As a rule of thumb how much chemical bond energy is available to the next trophic level 11 What limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem 12 Be able to describe Figure 57 10 Fig 57 11 and Fig 57 12 13 Summarize what is meant by the heading limits on top carnivores 14 What is an ecological pyramid and how are they used Chapter 57 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template 57 3 Trophic Level Interactions to be posted later