Formal Operational Stage Thinking about things that are no concrete making hypotheses an predictions from 11 adulthood Capable of hypothetical thinking speculation regarding the future Capable of abstract thinking Ch 8 Part 3 Socioemotional Development Temperament Set of innate behavioral characteristics established at birth that typically prevail through adulthood Not personality Not character ie The easy child The dif cult child The slow to warm up child Infant Attachment The emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver Ex Mary Ainsworth The Strange Situation Experiments Observational Conditions Mother and child playing together Stranger enters Mother leaves the room Mother returns and stranger leaves Attachment Styles Secure Anxious ambivalent Avoidant Disorganized disoriented Example vid http www youtube com watch v 36GI 1PBQpM emotional development Harry Harlow The Wire Mother Experiments NBC Learn Video A mother s touch revives premature infant Contact Comfort Contact b w infants and caregivers is critical for normal social an Diana Baumrind and Parenting Styles Authoritarian Parenting restrictive and punitive Authoritative Parenting limits but encourages independence Neglectful Parenting not around Permissive Parenting no limits on behavior Outcomes for the Children Authoritarian Parenting lack social skills poor initiative social comparisons Authoritative Parenting socially competent self reliant socially responsible Neglectful Parenting less competent show poor self control Permissive Parenting low competence lack respect entitlement low self control Adolescence Transition from childhood to adulthood Beginning around 10 12 years and ending at 18 21 years Ex Physical Development Cognitive Development Socioemotional Development Puberty A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturity that occurs during early adolescence Brain Changes during Adolescence Amygdala emotional intelligence Prefrontal Cortex self control and decision making NBC Learn vids Adolescent Egocentrism Belief that others are as preoccupied with the adolescent as he she is Personal Fable Convinced that they are special unique and invincible Imaginary Audience Belief that everyone is noticing and watching them Identity Development Stage in adolescence in which you must nd out who you are what you are all about and where you are going in life Korlberg s Theory of Moral Development Preconventional Morality rewards and punishments Conventional Morality standards or societal norms Postconventional Morality personal values and conscience Social Psychology Chapter 11 Social Psychology How people think about in uence and relate to other people Areas of Social Psychology Social Cognition Social Behavior Social In uence Intergroup relations Close relationships Social Cognition How people select interpret remember ad use social information Areas of Social Cognition Person Perception Attribution The Self Attitudes Person Perception How we think about other people forming impressions about others Question How do we form impressions of other people Answer The power of the rst impression The Primary Effect Stereotype Generalization about a group s characteristics that does not account for individual variability Question Why do we stereotype Answer Biologically built to categorize shortcut easier Self ful lling Prophecy Expectations cause individual to act in ways that make the expectations come true Stereotype threat Type of self ful lling prophecy in which anxiety about being negatively stereotyped actually causes underperformance Attractiveness Human physical features that others rate as high in objective physical appeal Question Who is attractive and who is not Answer Average is Beautiful Question What stereotypes do we have about beautiful people Answer Beautiful is good Attribution Determining why people do what they do Attributional Theories Internal vs External causes Stable vs Unstable causes Controllable vs Uncontrollable causes Question How do you explain another person s behavior Answer We typically attribute others behavior to internal causes even though that is not always accurate Fundamental Attribution Error People tend to overestimate the importance of stable internal traits underestimate the importance of temporary external situations when seeking explanations for others behavior Self serving Bias We often attribute our own behavior to whichever explanation False Consensus Effect Overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks The Self how we view ourselves Self esteem The degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about bene ts us the most and acts as we do ourselves about ourselves Self Image The degree to which we believe others have positive or negative feelings Self ef cacy Belief that one has the competence to complete a goal or a task Social Comparisons Evaluating one s own thoughts feelings behaviors and abilities in relation to others Attitudes Our feelings or opinions about people objects and ideas Question Can attitudes predict behavior Answer Sometimes When attitude is strong when person is made aware of attitude when person has vested interest Question Can behavior predict behavior Answer Sometimes Cognitive Dissonance Theory Self perception Theory Cognitive Dissonance Theory Mismatch between beliefs and behavior Self Perception Theory Derives beliefs from behavior Determine our beliefs and attitudes by looking back at our own behavior Question Can you change someone s attitude Answer Sometimes If you are trained in the art of persuasion Ex Foot in the door technique Elements of Persuasion The Source characteristics of the communicator The Message content and style The Medium venue The Audience Characteristics of your target Altruism Unsel sh interest in helping another person Question Why do people help other people Answer Reciprocity egoism Reciprocity Doing unto others as they will hopefully do unto you Egoism Doing unto others because it somehow bene ts themselves Factors that In uence helping behavior Mood happy helping Empathy seeing ourselves The Bystander Effect Let someone else do it http www youtube com watch v OSsPfbup0ac Conformity Changing one s behavior to align with the group or group standard Arch s Conformity Study which line is the same length as exhibit A line Question Why do we conform Answer Informational Social In uence Normative Social In uence Informational Social In uence The in uence people have on us because we want to be right
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