INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGYTo be Human6 Unique characteristics (attributes)BipedalismNon-honing chewingAll generalized teethMaterial culture/toolsLevel and complexitySpeechLevel and complexityHunting (tools and strategies)Domesticated foods (plants and animals)What is Anthropology?Study of humans4 subfields:CulturalPhysical/BiologicalLinguisticArchaeologicalUse different disciplines holisticallyAll togetherCultureStudy of human culturePatterns of behaviorPolitical organization/Social organizationRights of passagePuberty, Marriage, Child birthEthnographyStudying a specific culture in detailEthnologyComparative study of culturesLigusticRecording dying languagesGrouping language familiesUnderstanding how words are used and changeTrack population movementArchaeologicalStudy Pattern of behaviorUse material recordTrashTomb Raiding vs. Contextual AnalysisTomb Raiding (Indiana Jones)Removed from surroundingsLooses all meaningTaking without recording informationContextual AnalysisKnowing everything about why something was somewhereKeeping lots of record of objectsPhysical/BiologicalBiological and BioculturalHumans past and presentClosest living relatives (primates)Physical AnthropologySubfields of Biological AnthropologyPaleoanthropology/ Human EvolutionPrimatologySkeletal BiologyHuman BiologyDemographyNutritional AnthropologyMedical AnthropologyPaleoanthropology/ Human EvolutionPrimate and human evolutionBiological and Geological backgroundTheory of EvolutionOrigins of human speciesPrimatologyAnatomyBehaviorEcologyEvolution/OriginsSkeletal BiologyOsteology (bones)PaleopathologyOld bonespopulationForensicsindividualHuman BiologyHuman and Population geneticsGrowth and DevelopmentAdaptabilityDemographyPaleodemographyBefore written languageHistorical DemographyAfter written languageNutritional AnthropologyIntake and nutritionMedical AnthropologyMedicine and immunizationScientific MethodResearch strategyRepeatable1) Make Observations2) Create a Question3)Hypothesis and predictions4) Test5) Analyze (repeat)Theory vs. LawTheoryHypothesis that has been tested and standsLawBeen tested for a “long time” and stands without failDEVELOPING THE THEORY OF EVOLUTIONDarwin took from 5 disciplines:PaleontologySystematicsGeologyTaxonomyEvolutionSequence of change over timeFact and TheoryMUST be inheritableBuilding BlocksFossils & modern evidenceTheory developed over several decadesThree key concepts:The Earth is ancient.The surface of the Earth has changed and continues to change.The plants and animals on Earth have changed and continues to change.Bishop James UssherPre-17th CenturySpecial CreationLiteral interpretation of BibleGreat chain of beingReferences BibleEarth was made 4004 BCOctober 23 (Thursday)Sir Francis BaconDeveloped Scientific MethodsBorrowing ideasEarly evolutionary theoryNo basisHighly contentiousOften secretive/obscureErasmus Darwin (Darwin’s grandfather)HierarchyPaleontologyStudy of fossilsRobert Hooke (English)Studied tissue structureDetermined fossils were once livingFossils are organisms remainsBaron George CuvierFather of comparative anatomy and vertebrate paleontologyCatastrophismMajor event occurs and species get wiped outTaxonomy & SystematicsJohn Ray & Carolous LinneausFossils all around the worldNeed for otherFathers of TaxonomyJohn RayComplete morphologyCarolous LinneausBinomial nomenclatureCommon languageIllustrates evolutionary relationshipTwo Latin namesDescribe an organismGenus speciesHomo sapiens or Homo sapiensJean Baptiste LamarkAdvanced, well supported ideas of evolutionWrong mechanismRidiculed by Cuvier and died a pauper in ParisGeologyJames HuttonStudies wind and rain erosionDetermined Earth surface changedUniformitarianismPossesses that happened in the past are happening today and will continue to happenRidiculed as a hereticCharles LyellResurrected UniformitarianismRejected CatastrophismPrinciples of Geology (1830)Charles DarwinReligious FamilyNaturalist/Biologist at UniversityEducation still taught creationist ideasCELL BIOLOGY3.7 billion years agoprokaryotic cells (single cell)1.5 billion years agoEukaryotic cellsTwo types of cellsBody CellsFull amount of chromosomes (46)Other names:DiploidSomaticSex cellsHalf the amount of chromosomes (23)Other names:HaploidGametesSperm or OvumGENETICSThe Genetic CodeDNAReplication and direct protein synthesisDouble helixBasesAdenine & ThymineGuanine & CytosineAmino acids and proteinsCodon/Triplet/AnticodonEx. CGA;TTTAmino acidsCGA = AlanineTTT = LysineProteinsChain of amino acidsTwo types of DNAMitochondrialmtDNAinherited only from the motherslow to changeEvolutionary linesMitochondrial EveAt least 7NuclearDNA functionReplicationNucleus“unzips”Attracts free floating complementary basesExact copyFormation of new cellsMitosis (somatic)ProphaseReplicatesMetaphaseLines up in the middleAnaphaseSplits apartTelophaseTwo daughter cellsMeiosis (gamete)Meiosis IProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseMeiosis IINo duplicationProtein formationTwo step processTranscriptionmRNAreads copy and makes base pairsTranslationtRNAmakes amino acid chainRNAGuanine & CytosineAdenine & UracilmRNANucleus  RibosomestRNAAmino acid chain is a proteinGenes and ChromosomesGene – functioning polypeptideThree typesHomeoboxCode for embryonic developmentRegulatoryCode for growth and development after birthStructuralCode for everything else (blood; tissue)Chromosome23 pairs of chromosomes (46)Number not linked to intelligenceKaryotype – characteristics of chromosomes22 pair autosomes1pair sex chromosomesXX – FemaleXY – MaleLocus (loci)Specific location on a chromosome(place)AlleleDifferent forms a gene can take(color)DNA Gene ChromosomeGenomeMendelian GeneticsBred two different charactersNo blendingBred offspring3:1 ratio different characteristicsPunnett square with multiple allelesMendel realizes one set of alleles does not influence inheritance of another setMandel’s LawsLaw of segregationTwo alleles per trait are inherited, one from each parentLaw of independent assortmentEach gene passes from parents to offspring independent of other physical traitsTRAITS DO NOT BLENDDominant and RecessiveGenotypeAlleles that you possessPhenotypePhysical displayDominant allelesAlways showDoes the “masking”Recessive allelesAlways hidden by dominant allele; unless there is no dominant allele presentAllele OptionsThree types of allele pairingsHomozygous DominantAAHeterozygousAaHomozygous RecessiveaaMendelian TraitsTrait is either