History emotional soul Dualism middle ages person is two separate intertwined parts physical body and Descartes challenged function of soul dissected animals Hobbes soul not needed to study psychology behavior is through physical process Empiricism British sensory experience gives us knowledge no free will product of environment Nativism German most mind capabilities are native to us need some native knowledge before we can take on new knowledge Structuralism ideas of physiology began to influence research to measure nerve impulses analysis of basic components of mind Consciousness subjective experience of world and mind consists of sensory experiences Introspection subjective observation of one s own mind Functionalism Nature selects characteristics that best allow for survival Darwinism thinking developed because it was adaptive Functionalism study of how mental and behavior processes allow people to adapt survive and flourish Psychoanalytic believed hysteria as result of blocking painful memories indicated unconsciousness Hysteria temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions usually result of upsetting experience Unconscious part of mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts feelings and behaviors Behaviorism dismissed introspection and defined psychology as the study of observable behavior don t care about mental processes Reinforcement consequences of behavior determine whether it will be more less likely to occur again choice is an allusion Cognitivism mental processes are important development of computer Cognitive neuroscience attempts to understand links b w cognitive processes and brain activity Social need to understand a person s subjective view of the world behavior is a function of a person s situation studied war propaganda Neuroscience Neurons brain cells Dendrites receive info from other neurons and relays to cell body Axon transmits info away from cell body to other neurons muscles glands Synapse region b w axon terminal of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron Sensory neurons control senses info from external world to the brain Motor neurons carry info from brain spinal cord to muscles to produce movement Interneuron connect other neurons Resting potential outside inside Action potential electrical all or none impulse triggered by sensory stimuli or other Threshold enough signal neuron will fire Depolarization K channels shut Na channels open making cells more positive Repolarization K moves out reestablishing resting potential using Na K potassium neurons pumps Neurotransmitters chemicals that transmit info across synapse to receiving neuron s dendrites contain certain shapes to fit with certain receptors Excitatory increase likelihood of firing Inhibitory decrease likelihood of firing Acetylcholine enables muscle action learning and memory Dopamine regulates motor behavior motivation pleasure emotional Glutamine major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in info arousal transmission in brain GABA primary inhibitory transmitter that stops firing of neurons Norepinephrine influences mood alertness arousal Serotonin affects mood hunger sleep arousal and aggression Endorphin acts within pain pathways and emotion centers of brain Receptors receive neurotransmitter CNS central nervous system brain stem and spinal cord PNS peripheral nervous system carries messages to and from CNS Sympathetic NS fight or flight Parasympathetic NS rest and digest Brain tests show structure and function of brain PET shows brain activity by showing glucose consumption CT X ray of brain MRI magnets record how pulses are absorbed FMRI structure and function EEG brain waves deep in brain TMS electric coil place over brain to disrupt functioning of certain places close to skull Hindbrain coordinates info coming in out of brain stem Medulla HR circulation breathing Reticular formation sleep wakefulness arousal Cerebellum fine motor skills balance Pons relays info from cerebellum Midbrain central location of neural transmitters involved in arousal mood motivation Tectum orients organism in environment Tegmentum movement and arousal Forebrain controls cognitive emotional sensory motor functions cerebral cortex Cerebral cortex outermost layer of brain ultimate control and info processing center 80 of brain o Gyri smooth raised surfaces o Sulci indentations fissures Subcortical structures under cerebral cortex near center of brain o Thalamus sensory switchboard except from smell most info passes through here before going to higher brain regions o Pituitary gland control gland produces hormones o Basal ganglia directs slower intentional movements reaching walking this area doesn t work properly for someone with Parkinson s Limbic System motivation emotion learning memory Hypothalamus regulates drive states hunger sex temperature etc Amygdala emotion motivational relevance particularly emotional memories Hippocampus creating new memories and remembering them Cortical Hemispheres mostly symmetrical in structure and function control opposite sides of body Hemispheric socialization language left spatial right Corpus callosum bundle of axons that connects hemispheres and allows communication Occipital Lobe visual info Temporal Lobe hearing and language forms meaningful units of what you hear Parietal Lobe processes touch Somatosensory cortex touch maps onto specific parts of body the more sensitive the area more devoted to it Frontal Lobe movement abstract thinking planning memory judgment Motor cortex initiates voluntary movement Premotor cortex neural networks to produce organized movements anticipates and plans movement as well Prefrontal cortex executive function short and long term planning decision making complex thinking personality expression regulating socially appropriate behavior Split brain sever corpus callosum in epileptics to prevent seizures from moving back and forth b w hemispheres Aphasia loss of language ability resulting from brain damage Broca s aphasia difficulty producing language and difficulty understanding grammar an syntax Wernicke s aphasia normal syntax grammar intonation but loses meaning nonsense words and phrases Sensation and Perception Sensation detection of physical energy Absolute threshold level of stimulus necessary to detect it 50 of the time Weber s Law the stronger the stimulus the bigger a change in stimulus intensity needed for that change to be detected Perception interpretation of sensory input provides