REVIEW 02 25 2014 Sleep Cardiac Rhythms Sleep pattern o 1 2 3 4 3 2 REM REM latency o Time it takes you to get to REM Pathological depression REM latency too short GABA slows down EEG Inhibition Slower REM sleep Thalamus REM Most as baby Least as adult Nuclei that control sleep Raphe nuclei Serotonin o Turn off during REM o Takes you out of REM when it turns back on Brainstem Acetylcholine o Live in pons o Generate PGO waves o REM sleep o Beginning part o Visual parts of REM o Eyes moving Norepinephrine o Wakes you up at end of night o Stops us from moving during sleep o Paralyzes us from neck down o REM behavior disorder o Yields Parkinson s disease o Depression o Takes us in and out of slow wave sleep o Too few orexin neurons o Yields narcolepsy Orexin Why Sleep Rest Creative illogical thought Repair Memory Lucid dreaming Levels increase during sleep Able to control sleep Adenosine ATP being used up Lose weight Makes us drowsy Blocking acetylcholine Caffeine helps this o Metabolism during day Consuming food Storing sugar and fat o Depressed sleep Short REM latency Wake up too soon At night we release eating hormones Warm up too fast in the morning Metabolic syndrome Broken sleep Waking throughout night Very little REM Very little deep sleep Tired all the time Bad immune system o Sleep and sickness Viruses and bacteria Make us drowsy Inflammation More time spent sleeping less risk of infection More white blood cells Hypothalamus Sits in wall of third ventricle Right below thalamus o Temperature regulation Anterior loses heat Senses of heat in anterior Posterior creates heat Men normally hotter than women More muscle Testosterone o Uncouples mitochondria o ETC o Men waste the energy into heat instead of making ATP o Mitochondria Makes fat brown Well vascularized Controls ANS o Sympathetic NS Fight of flight norepinephrine o Parasympathetic NS relaxing paying attention acetylcholine slows down heart Fluid regulation o Fluid inside cells o Thirst Not enough fluid Hypovolemic thirst Need Gatorade Osmotic thirst Cells losing fluid o Need water Leptin o Made by fat o Tells brain to stop eating Talks to both cells Tells us to eat more eat less More leptin eat less Ghrelin Insulin o Makes us hungry o In the stomach o Absorbs nutrients in cells o Tells brain we already ate and not to continue Eat slowly pom C neurons o lesions make us eat more o their job is to make us stop eating Orexin o Lateral hypothalamus o Feeding center Tells us to get food o Signals turning on orexin Stress Waking up o Stimulates dopamine We like this do this again Can become addicted to eating Sugar fat Ventral tegmental area o Dopamine cells Norepinephrine o Burns fat Aging o Eating Oxidation Thanksgiving o Ingestion analgesia Endorphins o We want antioxidants to protect us from oxygen Allows us to keep eating large amounts Androgynous Anandamide system o Eating Causes us to eat more o Cells making Anandamide Fat cells Make us eat more Development Neural tube o Walls of ventricle Matrix cells Crawl up cells as the develop Radial glial o Turn into Astrocytes o 6 layers deep need room for wiring o Bigger brains Our cortex folds Chimps have longer cells size o Cortical thickness changes Can become slightly thicker Larger brains o Live longer o Size depends on birth canal Why gyri form in one place Bigger gyri for bigger functions Myelination o Oligodendrocytes in CNS Frontal and parietal most recently evolved Men form last o Schwann in PNS Rebuild connections in PNS Retrograde degenerations Both sides die Collateral sprouting Glutamate o Killing cells o Killing connections o Trans synaptic degeneration Neuron nearby will attach to the broken neuron One neurons dies neurons it communicates with die too Progenitor cells o Cells have stopped dividing o Haven t decided what they are yet though Hippocampus continues to make stem cells Depression If we don t continue to make them Autism o Loss of acetylcholine Limbic System Amygdala o Fear o Smells o Ambiguous stimuli New unfamiliar things o Projects out to brain Senses become intense Thalamus Hypothalamus Hippocampus Mammillary bodies Orbital frontal cortex Cingulate gyrus o How much is it Insula o Disgust o Controls amygdala o Right hemisphere more involved Judgment of a sensory input Can be sight sound smell