MUSC 110; Intro. to Music Mr. David GuthrieFINAL EXAM Study GuideUnderstand the major ideas, trends and eras associated with the following composers.Bach: high-point of Baroque- ended with his death; Organist; The Brandenburg ConcertosMozart (1756-1791)- The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni –Master of Opera- One of the greatest child prodigies- Wrote Requiem while dying- Represented classical maturity (refinement, balance, versatility) Brahms: Romantic, inspired by Schumann; lyricalDebussy: French impressionist; “Blurry Harmony”: everyday objects, loose approach to musical form, flexible rhythmDvorak: Americans had two sources that are completely authentic: Spirituals and Native-Americans- Symphony no. 9 “From the New World”Copland (1900-1990): American composer, jazz, expressionistic- Most famous for Ballets- “New American Language”; Rodeo “Hoedown”Vivaldi:9end of the Baroque; “The Red Priest”, the four seasons, master of ritornello, father of concertosBeethoven Child prodigy with abusive father- Lost hearing in the end of his life- Went through 3 phases1. Imitative: music sounded like Haydn2. Heroic: struggle, sound of the music3. Experimental: late string quartets when going deaf- Added the piccolo (highest) and the contrabassoon (lowest) to the orchestraSchubert (1797-1898) Romantic transitional composer (along with Beethoven); The Erlking, virtuosity, “Lied” art songsSchoenberg (1874-1951): expressionism; Dominated by the Second Viennese School- leader is; Atonality (music without a tonal center)Smetena (1824-1884): “The Moldau”; 6 symphonic poems collectively titled Ma Vlast (My Country) - nationalistic- Program music- instrumental music that tells a storyJohn CageHandel: oratorioChopin (1810-1849) Polish born composer; One of the first Nationalistic composers; “Poet of the Piano”, “Bel Canto”, Nocturne, EtudeWagner: Romantic era; “New School” Musical Drama; designed his own opera house in Bayreuth Stravinsky greatest single composer of 20th century; elements merge and meet in Stravinsky’s music; Russian-born- Paris ballet- “Firebird” - 1911 Petrouchka- 1915- The Rite (Rituals) of Spring: paved the way for the rest of the 20th centuryo Ancient pagan village- human sacrificeo Use of dissonant harmonyBerlioz (1803-1869) French, very different from other composers; he wrote a treatise on writing pieces; wrote Symphony Fantastique (program symphony)Understand the definitions and ideas associated with the following terms.Gregorian chant: first type of written western music, acapella, Latin, no meter, free verse rhythm, small intervals, static melody, neums (tiny symbols above text)Chamber music: music using a small group of musicians, with one player to a part; smaller and intimate setting (sonata, string quartet)Nationalism: inclusion of folk songs, dances, legends, and other national material in a composition to associate it with the composer’s homeland; RomanticAtonality: music without a tonal centerWord painting: Renaissance, humanismOpera: drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment, usually a large-scale composition employing vocal soloists, chorus, orchestra, scenery, and costumesImpressionism: French reaction to German romanticism; musical style stresses tone color, atmosphere, and fluidity - Debussy: “Blurry Harmony”: everyday objects, loose approach to musical form, flexible rhythm Program music: instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene, often found in the romantic period (incidental, suite, and program symphony); very important to the romantic era because it is all about the imagination (imagery, stories, pictures)Aria/recitative: piece for the soloistImitation: presentation of a melodic idea by one voice or instrument that is immediately followed by its restatement by another voiceExpressionism: German reaction to French impressionism- Simultaneous with Impressionism- Emotional content to the point that it becomes psychotic- Dominated by the Second Viennese School- leader is Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)- Atonality: music without a tonal centerArt song/lied Setting of a poem for a solo voice and piano, translating the poem’s mood and imagery into music, common in the romantic periodConcerto: extended composition for instrumental soloist and orchestra, usually in three movements (fast, slow, fast)Leitmotif: “Old School” Romantic era musical drama; a musical label attached to an ideaSonata (genre): chamber music, small setting Minimalism: steady pulse, clear tonality, and insistent repetition of short melodic patterns; dynamic level, texture, and harmony tend to stay constant for fairly long times; hypnoticSymphony orchestral composition, usually in four movements, typically lasting between 200-45 minutes, exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the orchestra1. Vigorous, dramatic, fast movement2. Lyrical slow movement (sonata, ABA, or themes and variations)- not tonic key3. Dancelike movement (minuet or scherzo)4. Brilliant or heroic fast movement (sonata or sonata-rondo)Madrigal: composition set to short secular love poem, word paintingPolyphony: simultaneous performance of two or more melodic lines of relatively equal interestNeo-Classicism: All a reaction to romanticism- collectively; emotional restraint, balance,and clarity, inspired by 18th century, 1920-1950Exoticism: Borrowing a musical style from a foreign countryConsonance: restful, natural sounding; nothing to do with volumeDissonance: creates tension so you want to go forward to reach consonance- Musical form is based on the ideas of repetition and contrast.- Treble Clef: Every Good Boy Does Fine, FACE- Bass Clef: Gummy Bears Don’t Feel Anything, and All Cows Eat Grass- Music is “organized sound”. 3 main elements to make raw sound music: melody, rhythm, or harmony.- 3 ways to classify melody: range, direction (ascending, descending, or wave-like), and movement (conjunct v. disjunct)- 3 ways to vary rhythm: syncopation (accenting normally weaker beats), polyrhythm (simultaneous combination of two or more rhythmic patterns, an even against an odd), and additive/changing meter- Russia: The Mighty Five- Mussorgskyo Tchaikovsky (not in the mighty five)- too western Ballets: The Nutcracker, Swan LakeKnow the major trends and musical characteristics of the following eras.Middle Ages (450-1450)Renaissance (1450-1600): polyphonic, imitation is common, fuller, bass register, “golden