EDHD 320 Exam 2 study guide Following are the instructions taken directly from this exam Part A Selected response 14 points 1 point per question Select the correct or best answer from the following options and mark your choice on the corresponding answer sheet If you find any of the following questions ambiguous i e you cannot find a correct or best answer you may opt to not answer the question and instead write a short essay that answers the question If you demonstrate an accurate understanding you will earn full credit If not you will have passed up your chance to guess the right answer Place a star next to the question number to indicate that you have chosen this option and write your essay on the back of the page Part B Rewrite the statement 12 points 3 points per question For four of the following five statements rewrite the statement by adding changing or taking away word s to make it an accurate statement Then explain in 1 2 sentences or bullet points why the statement was incorrect before but is now correct Part C Short Answer 24 points 6 points per question Answer four of the seven the following questions As a guideline you should use 3 5 complete sentences to construct your response Please make it clear which four questions you are answering 1 EDHD 320 Exam 2 study guide I Memory How does working memory capacity and long term memory capacity change across the lifespan How do strategies metamemory and knowledge base change across the lifespan READING GUIDE 2 What is the role of attention in memory Attention focusing perception and cognition on something in particular o Pay attention information is transferred into working memory o Don t pay attention information is forgotten Be able to explain how something enters long term memory by elaborating on the following diagram Steps to Long Term Memory 1 Encoding getting the information into the system o Automatic encoding without effort or awareness o Effortful encoding working hard to rehearse the information or by making associations 2 Consolidation the information is processed and organized in a form suitable for long term storage Consolidation transforms the immediate sensory perceptual experience of an event into a long lasting memory trace a process that is facilitated by sleep 3 Storage refers to holding information in a long term memory store Memories fade over time unless they are appropriately stored in long term memory 4 Retrieval the process of getting information out when it is needed Terms Working memory a memory store often referred to as a mental scratch pad that temporarily holds information when it is being actively operated upon the active use of the short term memory store 2 Long term memory memory store in which information that has been examined and interpreted is stored relatively permanently Short term memory the memory store in which limited amounts of information are temporarily held called working memory when its active quality is being emphasized Strategies Rehearsal the repeating of items they are trying to learn and remember common at age 7 Organization the classification of items into meaningful groups mastered later in childhood than rehearsal around age 9 or 10 Chunking is used to break a long number 6065551843 into manageable subunits 606 555 1843 Elaboration involves actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered Elaboration is achieved by adding something to the items in the form of either words or images Elaboration is especially helpful in learning foreign languages Memory or encoding strategies develop in a fairly predictable order with rehearsal emerging first followed by organization and then elaboration Children typically progress through 4 phases on their way to successful strategy use 4 Phases o Mediation Deficiency means they can not spontaneously use or benefit from strategies even if they are taught how to use them o Production Deficiency children can use strategies they are taught but do not produce them on their own o Utilization Deficiency children spontaneously produce a strategy but their task performance does not yet benefit from using the strategy o Final Phase children exhibit effective strategy use by both producing and benefiting from a memory strategy Metamemory a person s knowledge about memory and about monitoring and regulating memory processes Knowledge base a person s existing information about a content area significant for its influence on how well that individual can learn and remember Storage in information processing the holding of information in the long term memory store Retrieval the process of retrieving information from long term memory when it is needed 3 Recognition Memory if you are asked a multiple choice question about when the Constitution was ratified you need not actively retrieve the correct date you merely need to recognize it among the options Recall Memory if you are asked when was the constitution ratified it requires active retrieval without the aid of cues Cued Recall Memory lies between recognition and recall memory in which you would be given a hint or cue to facilitate retrieval for example when was the constitution ratified It is the year the French Revolution began and rhymes with wine Implicit Memory sometimes called nondeclarative memory which occurs unintentionally automatically and without awareness Explicit Memory also called declarative memory which involves deliberate effortful recollection of events Explicit memory is tested through traditional recognition and recall tests such as a course s final exam with multiple choice and essay questions II Alzheimer s and the Aging Mind In addition to memory changes what are some symptoms of Alzheimer s This is the link to the video we watched in class if you want a refresher http www youtube com watch v 9Wv9jrk gXc feature related How is Alzheimer s different than normal aging Alzheimer s disease A brain disease that causes problems with memory thinking and behavior Symptoms usually develop slowly and get worse over time becoming severe enough to interfere with daily tasks Alzheimer s is the most common form of dementia a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life Alzheimer s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases Alzheimer s is not a normal part of aging although the greatest known risk factor is increasing age and the majority of people with Alzheimer s are 65 and older But the disease