Lecture Guide Chapter 6 Memory Based on the text PsycSmart McGraw Hill 2013 Gen Psych F12 Memory an active mental system ability that allows us to put away info for later use Information processing model Assumes processing of info for memory similar to a computer Levels of processing model Assumes info that is more deeply processed processed according to meaning will be remembered more efficiently and longer Processes steps of Memory Receive from senses world Encoding put in for short or long time use Storage hold Retrieval get out Models of Memory Other models exist too Which is right Information Processing Model 3 stages 1 Sensory memory very first stage where info enters the nervous system lasts generally only a second or so 2 Short term memory STM working memory Where info is held while being used Selective attention Ability to focus on one stimulus from all sensory input Moves info from sensory mem to STM How big is STM 1 Capacity of STM capacity 7 items items 5 9 Chunking bits of info combined into meaningful units chunks so more info can be held in STM How long does it last Duration of STM about 12 30 seconds w o rehearsal Maintenance rehearsal say info over and over un head to keep it in STM or LTM STM s tend to be encoded in auditory form Interference 3 Long term memory LTM used to keep info permanently Elaborative rehearsal get from STM into LTM by making info meaningful 2 Types of LTM 1 Procedural nondeclarative memory Memory for 1 skills 2 emotional associations habits and simple conditioned reflexes Aka Implicit memory Not easily brought into awareness Anterograde Amnesia inability to form new declarative LTMs Generally does NOT affect procedural LTM can gain new skills but not new facts 2 Declarative memory Things people know facts Aka Explicit memory consciously known Two types Semantic memory general knowledge 2 Episodic memory personal info not readily available to others Two types of Remembering Recall and Recognition 1 Recall pull info from memory with few external cues Retrieval failure recall has failed Draw a blank Tip of the tongue phenomenon Serial position effect remember beginning and sometimes the end better tjan middle Primacy effect remember info at beginning better Recency effect remember info at end better Summary ask right away remember negin and end better Ask after 30 sec delay just remember beginning better 2 Recognition match pience of info to a stored image fact Cues to Help Remember Retrieval cue trigger for remembering Encoding specificity remember better if info available when memory was formed is also available at retrieval 3 Memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to recall State dependent learning while in a similar state Automatic Encoding and Flashbulb Memories Automatic encoding certain kinds og info seem to enter LTM with litter or no effort Flashbulb memories type of auto atic encoding occurs when an unexpected event has strong emotional associations Eyewitness Testimony Elizabeth Loftus study What you see and hear after the fact can easily affect the accuracy of memories of the event Eye witness testimony not always reliable When is it more reliable Age No leading Use free recall Hypnosiss Confidence Sooner How LTMs Are Retrieved implications for accuracy Constructive processing refers to fact that memories can be altered revised or influenced by newer information during retrieval happens without us knowing it Memory Retrieval Problems 4 Misinformation effect misleading info presented after an event alters memories of event False memory syndrome creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others Is it possible to create false memories yes Is it possible to repress real memories yes Forgetting Curve of forgetting Distributed practice effect Forgetting Four Types 1 Encoding failure 2 Decay 3 Proactive interference 4 Retroactive interference Amnesia Case Study HM 1 Retrograde amnesia 5 2 Anterograde amnesia 3 Dissociative amnesia 4 Infantile amnesia 6
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