Life Cycle From Childhood Through Adulthood Childhood Age one year to beginning of adolescence Slowing down of growth Increase 5 lbs and grow 2 3 inches per year Energy intakes increase gradually from 1000 1300 kcal at age one to almost double that at age 10 Macro Nutrient of concern Iron Vitamin D E and Zinc Limit milk to 3 4 serving Effects mood focus growth etc Nutritional Concerns of Childhood No studies confirm link between food and behavior Caffeine effects may be more pronounced with soda intake Outside influences Affect food preferences for low nutrient density foods Lead Toxicity damages nervous system delays puberty in girls slows growth and intelligence Contaminated water Sucking fingers after playing in contaminated house dust or soil Strict Vegetarians Well planned diets are OK In addition to zinc and iron may be limited in calcium vitamin D and B12 Childhood Obesity Adolescence More risk of diabetes obesity in adulthood and CVS Need more calories and nutrients than any other stage of life except pregnancy and lactation Physical growth and development growth spurt Boys 12 14 years increase 8 inches and 45 lbs increase LBM Girls 10 12 years increase 6 inches and 35 lbs increase fat mass Nutrition related concerns of Adolescents Higher energy needs Inadequate intakes of calcium iron and vitamin A more iron needed for girls after onset of menstruation Low nutrient snacks high soda intake low fruits and veggies Fitness and sports Too much or too little Active teens need more calories fluids Acne no correlation with diet Eating disorders Obesity Tobacco alcohol recreational drugs Changes in Body Composition Decreased Human Growth Hormone Losses in LBM muscles organs and bones Decreased energy needs Bone loss increases after menopause Losses in strength REE and increase in body fat Increased needs for Calcium Vitamin D Weight bearing exercise Gastrointestinal Changes Decreased saliva production ability to chew swallow Increase in gum disease tooth loss Increase in swallowing problems Stroke dementia Parkinson s disease Decrease in digestive enzymes Decreased production HCL and pepsin gastritis Decrease in GI motility Causes Constipation Gas Bloating Other Physiological Changes Immune Function T cell function decreases Physical barriers decrease Functional capacity decreases Risk for infections such as pneumonia UTI s pressure ulcers etc Heart liver and kidneys Decline in absorption transport storage and use of fat soluble vitamins Impact on many body systems Decreased motility Sensory Changes Decreased sense of smell Decreased sensitivity to sweet and salty Desire for higher sodium and sugary foods Taste threshold increases need stronger flavors Psychosocial Impact of Aging on Eating all interfere with feeding apetite nutritional needs and independent eating Decreased mental function Changes in appetite Stress Depression Dementia Alzheimer s disease Lower income Isolation Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Reduced needs because of decreased activity decreased lean body mass Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults Energy Protein Carbohydrate Fat Water Fiber is important More likely to be lactose intolerant Maintain moderate low fat diet Higher needs because of reduced thirst response Micronutrient Needs of the Mature Adult DRI has two age categories 52 70 and older than 70 years Vitamin D needs increase Bone health B vitamins intake folate B12 and B6 Minerals Water intake Linked to increased homocysteine levels and increased risk of CVD Calcium Zn Mg and Fe Supplementation may be needed but excessive use can lead to hypervitamintosis Water intake needs to be emphasized risk of dehydration because of Decrease thirst response Kidney s concentrating capacity Use of diuretics some medications Alcohol Caffeine Recommendation 30 ml kg body weight 1 ml kcal consumed Dietary status vs requirements Nutritional Status Energy intake RDA Higher fat intake than recommended Protein inadequacy Calcium intake RDA Minorities lower energy mineral intake higher cholesterol intake Dietary Requirements Energy requirements decline Fat recommendations do not change Protein needs do not change Carbohydrates high fiber beneficial Nutrition Related Concerns of Mature Adults Drug drug and drug nutrient interactions Some drugs affect taste saliva production nutrient absorption Some foods enhance interfere with drug efficacy Depression Anorexia of aging May reduce food intake Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use Loss of appetite with illness Can lead to protein energy malnutrition and wasting Overweight obesity Chronic disease Arthritis May interfere with food preparation and eating Dietary changes omega 3 may improve symptoms Bowel and bladder regulation Increased risk of urinary tract infection Chronic constipation more common with age Need for increased fluids fiber Dental health Vision problems May interfere with eating ability food choices Can affect ability to shop cook eat Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration Osteoporosis Common in elders especially women Maintain calcium vitamin D exercise Alzheimer s disease Affects ability to function Reduced taste smell Risk for weight loss malnutrition Alcohol consumption Many nutritional deficiencies Nutrition Screening Initiative Tool to screen malnutrition in older adults Prevent maintain manage nutrition related problems before elder becomes ill or a condition worsens Increase awareness about nutrition and health Assessment Physical measurements Dietary intake Living environment Functional status ADL IADL Medications lab values Community Resources for theMature Adult Assisted Living and Retirement Villages Food Stamps Program Meals on Wheels and Older American Act Nutrition Program aka Elderly Nutrition Program Meals to homebound people 5x week Most participants have difficulty in one or more ADL activity of daily living Improves nutrient intake and social contact Children and adolescents growth determines their nutrients needs Adoption of adult style diets to reduce risk of chronic disease should begin at three years of age Obesity and eating disorders are prevalent among children and teens Food choices Healthy Eating Physical activity Energy nutrient needs among adolescents are to support growth and maturation Girls need more iron after the onset of menstruation Active teens need more calories and fluids than sedentary teens Physiological and psychological aspects of the aging process affect food intake and nutritional status