1 NSD 225 INTRODUCTION Nutrition is a study of the interactions occurring between you food Nutrients about 45 substances that provide energy structure or regulation of body processes Essential nutrients need them but can t make them or fast enough Macronutrients need in large amounts carbohydrates fats lipids proteins provide energy calories Micronutrients need in very small amounts vitamins minerals no energy calories Phytochemicals another category in plant food not essential but have health promoting properties Metrics used in nutrition 1 kilogram kg 2 2 lbs 1 tsp hold about 4 g of sugar or salt and 5 ml liquid 1T 3 tsp 1 L is a little more than 1 qt 4 cups Energy content in kcal carb 4 g prot 4 fat 9 alcohol 7 We need nutrients but we eat food Foods are not good or bad in themselves Combined they make up a healthy or not diet No one food by itself contains all the nutrients in the appropriate amounts needed for best growth and health THERE IS NO ONE PERFECT FOOD Everyone needs same nutrients Do they need the same amount How healthy is the American diet How do we make food choices We eat the foods we like can afford food that is available foods that are culturally acceptable and then what we think we should eat Americans are influenced by what they see on TV and read in popular press Availability of food is a big factor can you get to the supermarket storage place place to cook know how to cook lift packages when get home do you have allergies health problems HBP diabetes Scientific method hypothesis theory experimental controls control groups placebo double blind study peer review Science is NOT based on anecdotal stories told to the popular press by someone who wants to sell you a book or a product Good nutrition research studies should have at least 50 participants and control groups The nutrients intake should be controlled and adequate nutrient consumption data should be available through food diaries The 2 final statistics should show significant results The levels of food consumed in the study should be amounts that people can reasonably eat in a day The study needs to be repeated Questions to ask when judging nutrition claims does the information makes sense where did info come from were the experiments well designed can the info be applied to humans who is making the recommendation and who stands to benefit Is this experiment valid Eight healthy male college students who regularly weight train were studied in 2 grps One grp took Power Boost supplement while other grp received a placebo After 3 weeks the subjects were asked how energetic they felt The people in the experimental grp reported higher energy levels It was reported in the Muscle magazine that Power Boost improves strength Besides scientific nutritional controversies there are 4 underlying problems 1 Under the first amendment anyone can write a nutrition book that is completely FALSE which means that many nutrition books published should be listed under books of fiction If you call a product a food supplement you can sell anything in the so called health food stores or pyramid style or with an 800 number If the product is not labeled a food or a drug it falls between the cracks of the Food Drug Adm rules and regulations is not covered by law and may be untested or uninspected for health safety or sanitation Anyone can call themselves a nutritionist There is no reliable national organization that certifies nutritionists Research scientists go public with their results before they have published or before their theory has been proven One study does not prove that a theory is a fact The media picks up the story everyone believes that this is a proven fact 2 3 4 Qualified nutrition health professionals A registered dietitian R D is the only regulated credential in the field of nutrition The American Dietetic Association ADA establishes educational requirements and professional experiences a bachelor s degree in nutrition from an accredited university internship or work related experience successful completion of a registration test continuing education to remain registered Many RDs have masters or doctorate degrees Licensed Dietitian L D States provide the L D designation to individuals who meet state licensing criteria correct education plus exam States have the power to discipline those using L D improperly ADA does not have this much power License renewal demands that professionals keep current in the field of nutrition About 25 states 3 have passed licensing laws Anyone can call themselves a nutritionist It is NOT a regulated title There are some nutritionists who have professional nutrition and health care educational backgrounds However there are some people with no professional background who call themselves nutritionists There are several places selling advanced degrees You do not have to attend classes just send money to receive a paper degree Questions to consider about nutrition in the media 1 What do you think about the man who sued the fast food companies 2 What do you think about taking ephedra or ephedra free 3 Why didn t I see any overweight people in Antarctica Above the Arctic because he is fat supplements Circle in Kenya You should have written down 5 questions for the first test Start studying NOW for good grades later It is a good idea to read the textbook ENERGY CALORIES Dietary Standards and Guidelines F 10 Guidelines involve balance variety and moderation Please comment Recommended Dietary Allowances RDA finally published at the end of 1989 1 published by the National Academy of Sciences first published in 1943 the 10th ed was 2 Because of the differences in nutritional needs of individuals it is difficult to devise a general food plan that will be correct for everyone Therefore the scientific recommendations are given not in foods but in nutrients grams of protein mg of vitamins etc 3 Recommendations were designed to maintain good nutrition in HEALTHY persons in the UNITED STATES have a margin of safety 4 The adults for whom allowances are given are described as reference individuals of different age and gender The reference people live in a moderate climate and are moderately active 4 Dietary Reference Intakes DRI 1997 present 1 Published by the Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine National Academy of 2 Why were the Recommended Dietary Allowances RDA replaced with the Dietary Sciences Reference Intakes DRI 3 DRIs include 4 parts Estimated Average requirement EAR intakes that