Egee Final Exam Study Guide Flashnotes com 1 A Chapter One Energy Basics Energy the property of matter that can be observed as and converted between work heat or radiation the capacity to do work work force x displacement 1 Basic needs of humans air food water shelter minerals cooking 2 Sources of Energy a Renewable wind solar hydro geothermal tidal biomass nuclear fusion b Nonrenewable fossil fuels nuclear fission 3 Forms of energy a Mechanical b Kinetic energy that is possessed by a body due to its motion c Potential energy that a body possesses by virtue of its physical position d Electrical energy of electrons in motion e Chemical energy that is stored in the chemical bonds that hold molecules together f Radiant g Nuclear energy locked in the nucleus of an atom and is released by destruction of mass h Heat flows from higher temperature to a body at lower temperature 4 Measurement Units of Energy Joules a b Calories amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree C c kWh d BTUs amount of energy that is required to raise 1lb of water by 1 degree F 5 Nuclear Fission process of breaking apart a large nucleus into two intermediate size nuclei Nuclear Fusion combining two small nuclei into one intermediate one B Chapter Two Uses of Energy 1 Industrial Energy Use 32 a Boiler Fuel generate steam or hot water b Process Heat raise temp of products in manufacturing process c Electricity lighting running motors 2 Conduction transmission through a medium or passage Radiation electromagnetic waves heat object through space no medium Convection transfer heat through fluid by molecular motion Insulation R Value resistance to heat flow increase by adding more insulation 3 4 Home heating natural gas used most 5 Lighting 1 4th of energy used in homes is used for lighting and appliances a Incandescent light bulbs two connections from which a coil is suspended and electricity flows heats due to resistance b Halogen gas within bulb makes it very bright hot used for security cars sport events c Fluorescent electrons flow through tube excite mercury and give off UV d Compact all efficiency of fluorescent bulbs but small enough to replace incandescent C Chapter Three Energy Supply and Demand 1 Doubling time time in which initial quantity increases by a factor of two 2 Energy power x time 3 Cost of energy energy used x cost of unit of energy D Chapter Four Energy Efficiency 1 Efficiency useful energy output total energy input 2 Coal contributes most to production of electricity 52 3 Transportation uses energy least efficiently 4 Exponential Function the longer it goes the more rapidly it grows E Chapter Five Electricity 1 Cogeneration combined heat and power an efficient clean and reliable approach to generating power and thermal energy from a single fuel source more efficient than standard steam power plant 2 Distributed generation reduces amount of energy lost in transmitting electricity as electrivity is produced very near to the place where it is used Egee Final Exam Study Guide Flashnotes com 2 3 Central distribution uses coal nuclear hydropower or gas powered plants to generate and transmit electricity over long distances 4 Generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction converts mechanical energy to electrical 5 Electric current measure of flow of electric charge Electric power voltage x current 6 Gas turbine coal is burned to run turbine F Chapter Six Fossil Fuel Overview 1 The deeper coal is the higher the temperature 2 Reserve energy source known to exist and that can be economically recovered 3 Resource energy source known or even suspected to exist regardless of cost of the technology 4 Fossil Fuels a Starting point transformation of decaying matter into kerogen G Chapter Seven Coal 1 Measured in metric tons 2 Proximate Analysis moisture volatile matter ash fixed carbon 3 Calorific Heating Value amount of heat released when a unit mass of fuel is burned 4 Coal Rank determined by calorific value for low to medium ranks and volatile matter content for medium to high rank coals 4 General Ranks listed from low to high 5 a Lignite originated during Jurassic period youngest b Sub bituminous c Bituminous most of coal in US originated in carboniferous period d Anthracite highest fixed carbon content 6 Coal Use burning combustion 95 coke making for iron and steel 5 7 Coal Combustion a Fixed Bed Stoker limits rate of heating of particle to 1C sec large sized coal pieces can be used b Pulverized Coal c Fluidized Bed most efficient uses limestone lowest furnace temperature fine coal particles are fluidized and burnt using a jet of hot air reduces NOx and Sox emissions 8 Carbonization process of heating coal in the absence of air to produce coke H Chapter Eight Petroleum Naturally occurring liquid fossil fuel resource containing a complex mixture of hydrocarbons 1 Formation organic matter buried under clay and sand decays by heat pressure and time The breaking down of large molecules of fats oils and waxes in kerogen produces petroleum 2 Exploration anticline fold fault fracture salt plug 3 Recovering Crude Oil a Primary flush requires no work settled has to be pumped b Secondary water is pumped in to force oil out expensive c Tertiary steam chemicals or microbes are used to reduce viscosity to be pumped out most expensive 4 Paraffins hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains of carbon atoms 5 Cycloparaffins hydrocarbons with ring structures 6 Aromatics benzene and rings of benzene damaging to environment carcinogenic CnH2n 2 CnH2n CnHn 7 Properties of Crude Oil a Viscosity measure of resistance to flow by liquid b Density mass per unit volume c Odor smell indicative of composition 8 Variations young shallow young deep old shallow old deep best crude oil 9 Functions of a Refinery separate components of crude oil make new materials and fuels by chemical processing make products environmentally acceptable Egee Final Exam Study Guide Flashnotes com 3 10 Major Processes I Chapter Nine Natural Gas a Distillation separating materials based on their volatility b Cracking breaking heavy molecules into lighter hydrocarbons c Reforming changing chemical nature of hydrocarbons to give desired physical properties 1 Cleanest burning fossil fuel ample supplies 2 Formation organic matter prevented from decay process a Wet contains HCs other than methane and ethane b Sour contains H2S which is highly undesirable due to corrosion 3 Processing a Stripping of water and vapors b