Chapter 5 Exam II Define the term tissue and identify the four principal tissue types Is a group of similar cells and cell product that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ Epithelial Tissues composed of layers of closely spaced cells that over organ surfaces form glands and serve for protection secretion And absorption epidermis inner lining of digestive tract liver and other glands Connective Tissue with usually more matrix then cell volume often specialized to support bind and protect organs tendons and ligaments cartilage and bone blood Nervous Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells brain spinal cord nerves Muscular Tissue composed of elongated excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction skeletal muscle heart cardiac muscle walls os viscera smooth muscle Explain how the shape of epithelial cells is used for classification purposes Identify the four types of epithelium in this classification process Transitional is both squamous and columnar stratified What are exocrine glands Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products excluding hormones and other chemical messengers into ducts duct glands which lead directly into the external environment They are the counterparts to endocrine glands which secrete their products hormones directly into the bloodstream ductless glands or release hormones paracrines that affect only target cells nearby the release site sweat glands salivary glands mammary glands stomach liver pancreas Compare the structure of the three major types of cartilage tissue Locate and give an example of each Chapter 6 List and briefly describe the several functions of the skin Protection an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defense Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system Sensation contains a variety of nerve endings that jump to heat and cold touch 1 pressure vibration and tissue injury Thermoregulation eccrine sweat glands and dilated blood vessels increased superficial 2 perfusion aid heat loss while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat Erector pili muscles in mammals adjust the angle of hair shafts to change the degree of insulation provided by hair or fur 3 reduce fluid loss Control of evaporation the skin provides a relatively dry and semi impermeable barrier to Vitamin D synthesis carries out 1st step in vitamin d synthesis for bone 4 development and maintenance Liver and kidneys complete process Absorption oxygen nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in 5 small amounts some animals use their skin as their sole respiration organ in humans the cells comprising the outermost 0 25 supplied by external oxygen although the contribution to total respiration is negligible 6 aren t washed out of the body The nutrients and oils that help hydrate the skin are covered by the most outer skin layer the epidermis This is helped in part by the sebaceous glands that release sebum an oily liquid Water itself will not cause the elimination of oils on the skin because the oils residing in our dermis flow and would be affected by water without the epidermis resistance The skin acts as a water resistant barrier so essential nutrients 40 mm of the skin are almost exclusively Water What part of the skin contains blood vessels Dermis hypodermis Identify each of the following hair papilla germinal matrix hair root hair shaft and follicle Hair papilla a knoblike indentation of the bottom of the hair follicle on which the hair bulb fits like a cap it is derived from the corium and contains vascular loops for the nourishment of the hair root germinal matrix The Germinal matrix is an area of reproducing cells situated around the papilla at the base of the hair bulb It is the source of hair growth and is involved in transferring melanin to hair to give it pigmentation hair root The part of a hair that is embedded in the hair follicle its lower succulent extremity cappingthe dermal papilla pili in the deep bulbous portion of the follicle hair shaft The non growing portion of a hair which protrudes from the skin i e from the follicle hair follicle a tube like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open List the three primary types of skin glands Sudoriferious glands sweat glands merocrine eccrine gland sweat glands that function in evaporative cooling widely distributed over the body surface open by ducts onto the skin surface palms soles forehead Apocrine gland sweat glands that function as scent glands found in regions covered by the pubic axillary and male facial hair open by ducts into hair Surface film Emulsified protective barrier formed by mixing of residue and secretions of sweat and sebaceous glands with sloughed epithelial cells from skin surface follicles Sebaceous gland oil glands associated with hair follicles Ceruminous glands glands of the ear canal that contribute to cerumen earwax Mammory glands milk producing located in the breast What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands Merocrine eccrine gland sweat glands that function in evaporative cooling widely distributed over the body surface open by ducts onto the skin surface palms soles forehead Apocrine gland sweat glands that function as scent glands found in regions covered by the pubic axillary and male facial hair open by ducts into hair follicles Discuss the importance of the surface film of the skin Protect against microorganisms dehydration UV light mechanical trauma What is the hypodermis What is contained there The hypodermis is often referred to as the subcutaneous tissue superficial fascia and hypoderm Its role in the body is crucial with the tissue acting as an insulator and conserves body heat It also protects the organs in the body from injury by behaving as a shock absorber adipose tissue Chapter 7 Describe the structure of a long bone Long bone elongated bone consisting of a body diaphysis and two terminal parts epiphyses such as the leg and arm bones femur radius phalanges and others 1 Diaphysis main shaft of the bone 2 Epiphysis distal ends of bone separated from diaphysis by 3 The Epiphyseal plate secondary center of growth last parts of bone to ossify 4 Medullary cavity filled with two types of marrow responsible