TEST 3 STUDY GUIDE HDFS 2400 Instructor Sujata Ponappa M S Most headings provided below are from the text book chapters CHAPTER 12 1 Erikson s stages Identity vs Role Confusion a Identity Defining who you are what you value and direction in life This search for what is true and real about the self drives may choices vocation personal relationships sexual orientation ethnic group ideals Resolution of identity crisis soul searching before settling on values and goals b Role confusion lack of direction and definition of self Restriction exploration in adolescence earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved society restricts choices Unprepared for stages of adulthood 2 Paths to Identity Level of Commitment High Low Identity Achievement Moratorium Level of Exploration Identity Foreclosure Identity Diffusion High Low Identity Achievement commitment to values beliefs and goals followed by a period of exploration Individuals have already explored choices now committed to self chosen values goals feel a sense of well being knowing where they are going Ex Deciding on a career choice after a lot of thought Identity Moratorium Exploration without having reached commitment Delay or holding patter individuals have not yet made definite commitments in the process of exploring gathering information trying out activities desire is to find values goals Ex questioning religious beliefs Identity Foreclosure commitment in the absence of exploration Individuals have committed to values goals without exploring options ready made identity is chosen for them by authority figures Ex going with existing family beliefs on religion politics etc Identity Diffusion An apathetic state characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment Individuals lack clear direction neither committed to values goals nor exploring Ex Having no opinion on an issue It doesn t make much difference to me College students make more identity progress than they did in high school 3 Kohlberg s theory of moral development pg 319 not including Kohlberg s stages Pre conventional conventional post conventional Conducted clinical interviews with 10 16 year old boys where he presented Hypothetical moral dilemmas conflict between 2 moral values Asked what the main person should do and why Heinz dilemma Pits the value of obeying the law not stealing against the value of a human life saving a dying person Moral maturity is determined by how the individual reasons about the dilemma not the content of the response whether or not to steal o Reasoning and content come together in the highest stages o Most advanced moral thinkers support individual rights over obeying law 4 Problems of development Depression Feeling sad frustrated and hopeless about life accompanied by loss of pleasure in most activities and disturbances in sleep appetite concentration and energy o Most common psychological problem of adolescence 15 20 o Twice as many girls as boys in industrialized natons o Factors Genetics child rearing practices learned helplessness failing parental divorce breakups Suicide o Third leading cause of death for North American youth o 3 4 times higher among boys than girls Girls make more unsuccessful attempts boys use sure methods such as firearms o African Americans and Hispanics have lower rates than Caucasian Americans Native American suicide rates are 2 6 times higher than the national average o Gay Lesbian bisexual youth at higher risk o Occurs in 2 types of youth Highly intelligent but withdrawn unable to meet standards Those with antisocial tendencies hostile destructive anger turned inward o Family history of emotional disorders o Multiple stressful events o Adolescents have an increased ability to plan ahead personal fable may lead adolescent to believe nobody understands his her pain o Preventing suicide Provide adult peer and religious support Teach coping stragegies Notice warning signs Gun control legislation limiting access to adolescents Interventions anti depressant medication therapy Delinquency Engaging in illegal acts o Boys mostly engage in violent crime o SES and ethnicity are strong predictors of arrests Tendency to punish low SES minority youth more o Peer rejection poor school performance difficult temperament etc o Family characteristics o Neighborhoods access to drugs firearms antisocial gangs o Failed schools o Prevention must start early and take place at multiple levels Positive family relationships authoritative parenting high quality teaching in schools and communities with wealthy economic and social conditions go a long way toward reducing adolescent antisocial acts CHAPTER 13 1 Cardiovascular and Respiratory systems Cardiovascular system heart performance decreases only during stressful exercise heart disease leading cause of death for 10 male and 5 females between 20 34 years Atherosclerosis clogging of the arteries with cholesterol fats high fat diet Respiratory system lung capacity decreases during physical exertion Maximum vital capacity the amount of air that can be forced in and out of the lungs Decreases 10 per decade after age 25 2 Reproductive capacity number of first births to women in their 30s has increased in the past 3 decades reproductive capacity declines with age 3 Heterosexual attitudes and behavior o Nearly all adults in the U S have had intercourse by age 25 o Sexual partners dating cohabiting married tend to be similar in age education ethnicity religion shared interests 4 Development of epistemic cognition Epistemic cognition our reflections on how we arrived at facts beliefs ideas Dualistic thinking right wrong good bad younger students Relativistic thinking multiple truths relative to context older students Commitment within relativistic thinking Instead of choosing between opposing views they try to formulate a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contraditions more mature individuals actively seek our differing perspectives to advance own knowledge 5 Vocational choice selecting a vocation Major theorists view the young person as moving through several periods of vocational developments 1 Fantasy period in early and middle childhood children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them 2 Tentative period between ages 11 and 16 adolescence think about careers in more complex ways at first in terms of their interests and soon as they become more aware of personal and educational requirements for different vocations in terms of their ability and values 3 Realistic