Test 3 Study Guide Criminology Reading Guide Relationships age and crime immigration and crime gender and crime early study vs new Does sex and gender matter in delinquent associations Mernard Relationship between IQ and crime Socio Demographic Variables socio economic status immigration age sex Socio Economic Variable SES Income Education occupancy prestige Tittle and Meier said socio economic variables still have not been found to affect crime Parents position referred to the Marxian class that monitors the underclass go by themselves vs everyone else Age is a consistent and string predictor of crime Most common are street crimes among the youth Rates for property crime peak in mid adolescence Peak age for all crimes is below 25 Why so young Age Out less physical strength peaked out already Sompson and Laub The addition of meaningful bonds leads to reconsideration of what should and should not be done Ex Family Jobs edu Sex Gender Prominent predictor supported by data Men consistently commit more crimes Sutherland s Differential Theory Crime is learned from significant other Males are have more delinquent relations than females Socials Class and Crime Class and Crime Arrest Data Income occupational prestige education were early assumptions research finds contradictory social class strongly associated with crime self report found different facts though Early crime reports focused on minor crime and used crime measures with truncated response categories Final Lower class more likely in violent crimes more high rate offenders in lower class Race and Crime African Americans disproportionately involved in crime Also more likely to be involved in serious violent crimes More likely than whites to be arrested for same crimes Intelligence and Crime Lombroso Darwin IQ and Crime Criminals are organically and inferior biologically Goddard s translation 70 of criminal population is feeble minded IQ and crime relation is highly disputed but relatively weak Social Disorg Theory Q Martinez and Lee explained that theoretical explanation does not include institutional anomie Immigration and Crime and theoretical perspectives 1 Cultural Approaches Selin Culture Conflict Criminal Laws reflect values of dominant interest groups Other groups have different values as well When values are at conflict legal agents label as deviant the behaviors of subordinate classes 2 Oppurtunity Structure less social and financial resoucres they seek out illegitimate opputunities result of cultural language barriers 3 Social Disorganization Necessary Conditions 1 ethnic heterogeneity mix of races 2 Restricted mobility 3 Poverty Immigration doesn t usually lead to increase of crime but the increase in population that it brings does Not great support in research Criminal Victimization Has consequences on victim and system costs Victims Role Those who are crime victims have a likely hood of committing a crime themselves General Strain Theory Prior victimization personal stress The Victims Males are more likely to be victimized by stranger vs women who are victimized by someone they know Persons and households previously victimized have higher rate of further victimization Victim Precipitation Theory Active Precipitation when victims act provocatively use threats or even attack first Passive precipitation traits that unknowingly attract attackers Lifestyle Theory People become victims because of lifestyle and exposure to criminal offendors High Risk Lifestyle that includes drinking taking drugs exposure to street life college lifestyle VORPS Victim offendor reconciliation programs Mediated face to face meeting with offenders and victim Rarer with felonies Helps victims cope Q Seigel Non violent most likely to be crimes in what time of day Day in urban areas Nature of Victimization Most likely to be in a public area possibly commercial between 6pm and 6am Routine Activities Theory Most criminological theories tend to place emphasis on offenders Focuses on the victim major difference from others Guardianship Target Offendor Cohen and Felson study routine activities 1 Convergence of space and time 2 Likelihood of criminal victimization is influenced by individuals routine activates Core Proposition Likelihood of victimization is increased when the variables of routine activities theory coverage 1 Suitable Target 2 Motivational Offendor presence of 3 Less capable guardians Victimization likely in presence of motivated offendors and the absence of guardians Kentucky vs Rape controversial case of a woman being beat for years and spoude eventually killed him shot his head Verdict found guilty for 20yrs Individualistic Theories of Delinquency At turn of 19th century individualistic theories dominated suggested crime reduction through segregation Hard to avoid other in today s day and age Social Disorg Theory through Chicago School Rapid increase of population of immigrants changed organization of cities Change of ethnic and racial compositions To study delinquency one should research the surroundings of the individual Concentric City Zones Ernest Burgess Studied city development and saw that cities were growing through a process of continual circles expanding from the center Zone transitions features would include Poverty racial ethnic heterogeneity High Transiency Central Biz Distict is in the Center Shaw and Mckay affirmed the previous findings combining all points and that characteristics of the one zone of the city is greater than the people that live their Eoclogy and Revitaliztion and Crime Reiss and Nye Researchers realized that crime rates change by ecological units Ex neighborhood cities Social Control Theory Reiss and Nye Anderson the perception of the certainty of internal sanctions on marijuana serves as an effective detterent when controls are weakened or broken deviant behavior is likely the result Reiss and Nye theories of internal and external controls includes 1 Socialization acquisition of self control 2 Control over the person s behavior