Psychology Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 9 Sleep 10 20 system international system of putting on electrodes o standardized Cortical synchrony increase in voltage decrease in frequency o Demonstrated by non REM sleep stages Cortical desynchrony decrease in voltage increase in frequency Stages o Stage W sleepy wakefulness alpha waves o Stage 1 lightest level of sleep do not feel rested o Stage 2 characterized by sleep spindles transition stage 10 minutes o Stage 3 delta waves 1 4Hz o Stage 4 deep sleep more than 50 delta o REM similar to sleep stage 1 high arousal Conveys highest level of cortical desynchrony leaves us relatively insensitive to environmental events REM vs Non REM o Non REM Blood pressure low Respiratory slow Bodily restoration Move freely o REM Inhibited movement Blood pressure fast and irregular Respiration fast and irregular Learning and memory Emotion and coping Adults 15 REM Infants 50 REM Students require more REM than the average adult Sleep Disorders o Insomnia difficulty sleeping waking up often throughout the night Related to heightened state of central nervous system arousal o Narcolepsy strong attacks of sleepfulness Strongly correlated with features of REM sleep with high arousal and body paralysis o Somnambulism sleepwalking Stage 4 o Night terrors strong nightmares in which the individual is capable of physical activity and may become aggressive Stage 4 o Sleep Apnea respiratory disorder More common in obese older women o Sudden Infant Death Syndrome infants suffocate in sleep o Bruxism grinding teeth in sleep Stages 1 and 2 o Enuresis Bedwetting Stages 3 and 4 Sensory and Motor blockades but wake to significant events Neurotransmitters involved o Acetylcholine o Serotonin o Dopamine Chapter 10 Memory 3 Process Memory o Sensory Memory If information is not actively rehearsed and encoded it is lost Chunking making things in shorter combinations to better remember Iconic visual and echoic auditory If survives sent to short term memory Duration 1 2 seconds o Short term Memory Working Memory Energy required to maintain Hippocampus activation Duration 20 30 seconds Mnemonic systems Peg Word Method of Loci Narrative o Long term Memory Duration lifelong Used for short term memories Organization Implicit Explicit o Perceptual o Procedural o Episodic o Semantic Forgetting o Encoding storage failure o Make the material meaningful deep processing elaborative rehearsal versus not shallow processing maintenance rehearsal Interference Factors o Retroactive new information interferes with retrieving older o Proactive old information interferes with retrieving new Serial Processing o Primacy remembering what is first compared to others because it has been rehearsed more and did not have to fight other information o Recency most recent in memory still available in short term memory Consolidation the change of information from short term to stronger less likely to forget memory Retrograde Amnesia forgetting past memories Anterograde Amnesia forgetting new memories Tip of the tongue phenomenon we know something but we can t immediately remember o Retrieval Cues Schema framework for memories Flashbulb memories memories formed by events that are strongly personal or surprising Chapter 11 Learning Classical Conditioning reflexive learning o Where previously neutral stimuli comes to elicit autonomic response o Ivan Pavlov o Conditioned learned o Unconditioned unlearned o Acquisition the initial learning phase o Extinction when a CR weakens and eventually ceases because it in so longer paired with o But it can be revived by spontaneous recovery when a CR suddenly returns after CS extinction is complete o Stimulus discrimination when a CR is not exhibited in the presence of other stimuli because they are sufficiently different from the original CS o Stimulus generalization a CR is triggered by a stimulus similar to the original CS o Conditioned taste aversion Garcia Effect when getting sick once is paired with a food or drink leading to feeling nauseous in the presence of the same food or drink later o Conditioned Emotional Response Watson and Little Albert Operant Conditioning voluntary learning by consequences o Occurs when voluntary behavior is controlled by consequences produced o Law of Effect people are more likely to do things that make them happy and unlikely to do things that don t o Reinforcement and Punishment Reinforcement causes behavior to increase Punishment causes behavior to decrease Positive add Negative take away o Discriminative stimulus signals when to emit a particular behavior in order to obtain a o Primary reinforcers biologically based and help us to survive and to maintinan certain outcome or consequence homeostasis o Secondary reinforcers acquire power to motivate behavior because of initial or higher order conditioned associations with primary reinforcers o Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed interval reinforcement is always given after a certain amount of time Variable interval reinforcement is given at inconsistent intervals of time Fixed ratio reinforcement is given after a certain number of behaviors performed Variable ratio reinforcement given after inconsistent number of behaviors Variable reinforcement has less chance of extinction better retained o Premack Principle behaviors naturally occurring at high rates could be used to increase behaviors occurring at low rates o Shaping sequential reinforcement of behaviors that reflect successive steps to the occurrence of a more complex target behavior o Avoidance and Escape Learning Failure acceptor low success seeker low failure avoider Failure avoider low success seeker high failure avoider Success seeker high success seeker low failure avoider Overstriver high success seeker high failure avoider o Latent learning when a behavior is learned but is not displayed because reinforcing consequences not available o Insight learning the sudden discovery of a solution to a problem when one connects 2 or more elements of previously unconnected knowledge Chapter 12 Emotion and Motivation Paul Ekman travelled to New Guniea Primary emotions cross culturally universal emotions Secondary emotions harder to point out come from primary Display Rules societal guidelines for how and when to express emotions Theories of Emotion o Commonsense feeling then autonomic response o James Lange autonomic response then feeling o Cannon Bard autonomic response and feeling at same time o Schachter Singer two factor theory