Overview of Nervous System Nervous System Extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body think communication Neuroscience Examines the structure and function of the nervous system Behavioral Neuroscience Interested in relationships of nervous system to behavior and learning aka Biopsychology Characteristics of the Nervous System Complexity billions of cells involved Integration Different levels and different parts power from working and knowing together Adaptability responsive to changing environment learns plasticity capacity for change survival value Neurons cells that process basic cell in nervous system do the processing receives and sends messages cid 127 Mature neurons do not divide Neuroplasticity When a neuron gets a new job changes function Neurogenesis We can make some new neurons start deep in the brain and migrate connect Primary Divisions Organization of the nervous system see chart Neuron How Exercise good sleep less stress Parts of a Neuron Dendrites Receive message detect Soma Cell body maintains life of cell Axon Long tube like structure carries message to other cells 3 Three Types of Neurons see figure 2 2 Sensory neuron Detects carries info from senses to Central Nervous System aka Afferent neurons cid 127 Motor neuron takes messages from Central Nervous System to muscles aka Efferent neurons Interneuron Found in Central nervous system cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 Receive info info from sensory neuron and sends commands to muscles Connect and coordinate allow A and E to talk Bulk of neurons in brain cid 127 Glial cells cells that support 90 provide support for neurons to grow on and around deliver nutrients to neurons Clean up waste products and dead neurons Some produce myelin Fatty substance that coats axons ti insulate protect and speed up impulse Peripheral Nervous System PNS A Somatic Nervous System carries sensory info and controls skeletal muscles THE BRAIN How to study See what happens when you lose it Lesion studies Case studies of people with brain injury See what happens when you use it Brain Imaging Xray 2D images CT or CAT scan 3D images PET scan Metabolic changes sugar MRI Brain structure fMRI Brain function oxygen The Hindbrain What it does Symptoms if problems 1 Medulla Life sustaining functions Dead or on life support cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 2 Pons Sleep and arousal Coma 3 Cerebellum Motor coordination Problems automatic motor behaviors balance 4 Brain Stem Includes most of hindbrain Depends where damage and midbrain not cerebellum determines alertness Regulates basic survival functions Midbrain Reticular formation RF Involved in stereotyped patterns of behavior such as walking and sleeping Forebrain not smell Group of brain structures involved in learning memory emotion and motivation Thalamus Relays sensory info from lower brain to proper area of cortex Basal Ganglia Works with cerebellum and cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movement Hypothalamus cid 127 Monitors eat drink sex emotion stress reward Helps direct endocrine system regulates internal temp involved in pleasurable feelings homeostasis staying the same in changing environment Limbic System memory and emotion Hippocampus Formation of long term memories storage of memory for location of objects Amygdala Helps discriminate objects for survival Fear responses memory of fear others too like rage Cortex new brain neocortex outer covering densely packed neurons Involved in higher thinking process and interpretation of sensory input 85 of the human brain Why is the cortex wrinkled What is that called cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 Cordicalization wrinkling of the cortes Allows larger of cells to exist in a small space and to stay alive Allows more complex and involved connections The more in proportion the cortex is to the rest of the brain the better the thing can adapt and problem solve Cerebral Hemispheres Two sections of the cortex left and right Corpus callosum Thick band of neurons connects right and left communication Four Lobes of the Brain 2 of each 1 Occipital lobes Contains visual centers initial perception and interpretation Contains Somatosensory Cortex 3 Temporal lobes Hearing language processing some memory 2 Parietal lobes Processes info from skin and internal body receptors for touch temperature body position and possibly taste Responsible for production of fluent speech Brocas area Somatosensory Cortex front of pariental lobe and Motor Cortex back of frontal lobe Motor cortex Sends moor commands to muscles of somatic n s Association Areas of Cortex integrates information higher mental processing responsible for coordination and interpretation of information and for higher mental processing Aphasia Brain based language or communication problem Broca s area damage here leads to Broca s aphasia 4 Frontal lobes responsible for higher mental processes decision making personality memory storage impulse control control emotions planning attention etc cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 Can understand what is said to them but can t give fluent response not a oral motor issue otherwise they could write damage to Broca s area usually in left frontal lobe Wernicke s area damage here leads to Wernicke s aphasia Hears but can t understand speech Can t produce meaningful response can string words together but its meaningless damage to Wernicke s area usually left temporal lobe Spatial neglect Damage to areas of the right hemisphere inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field Split Brain Research Results of Split Brain Research Left side of the brain Right side of the brain controls right side of the body Controls left side of body spoken and written language emotional thinking expression logic and reasoning sacral perception faces patterns numerical thinking math calculations Processes info globally process info sequentially Are people right brained or left brained In most skills styles associated with one side seems to dominate logical vs intuitive artistic BUT sides word together for complex tasks Handedness About 10 people are left handed 90 of right handed people have language in left side of brain about half of left handed people 50 of presidents are left handed left handed Salary higher for college educated men 15 cid 127 more varied Lower for total
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