8.1 The Motivational Process8.1a Motivation Is a Dynamic Process.8.1b We Are Sometimes Motivated to Reduce Arousal.FIGURE 8-1 Drive-Reduction Theory8.1c We Are Sometimes Motivated to Maintain an Optimal Level of Arousal.FIGURE 8-2 The Yerkes–Dodson Law8.1d Incentive Theory Examines How External Factors Motivate Behavior.8.1e Maslow Proposed That Needs Are Organized in a Hierarchy.FIGURE 8-3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs8.2 Hunger and Eating8.2a Various Biological Mechanisms Control Hunger and Eating.The BloodstreamThe Brain8.2b Our Environment Also Controls Hunger and Eating.8.2c The Body May Be “Set” to Maintain Weight Within a Limited Range.8.2d Friends and Family Influence Body Weight.8.2e Obesity and Eating Disorders Are Shaped by Internal and External Forces.What Is Obesity?FIGURE 8-4 Obesity and MortalityWhat Causes Obesity?Cultural Thinness StandardsWhat Are Eating Disorders?TABLE 8-1 Warning Signs of the Development of an Eating Disorder8.3 Sexual Motivation8.3a Men Seek Greater Sexual Variety than Do Women.FIGURE 8-5 What Sexual Acts Do People Find Very Appealing in the U.S.?8.4 Belongingness and Achievement Motivation8.4a People Differ in Their Need to Seek the Company of Others.Why Is Social Rejection Painful?Differences in the Need to BelongSELF-DISCOVERY Questionnaire 8.1How Important Are Your Close Relationships in Defining You?8.4b Individuals Differ in Their Need for Achievement.FIGURE 8-6 Measuring the Need for Achievement with the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)8.4c Certain Strategies Can Increase Achievement Motivation.9.1 Emotion9.1a Emotions Facilitate Survival.9.1b Emotions Result in Bodily Responses.9.1c Two Theories Dispute Whether Physiological Responses Precede Emotions.FIGURE 9-1 Two Contrasting Theories of Emotion9-1Is There Such a Thing as an Accurate Lie Detector?FIGURE 9-2 Detecting Lying with the Polygraph9.1d Specific Brain Regions Coordinate Emotional Responses.The HypothalamusThe Limbic SystemThe Prefrontal Cortex9.1e The Two-Factor Theory Emphasizes the Role of Cognition in Emotions.TABLE 9-1 Three Theories of EmotionHow Does Gender Shape the Social Meaning of Emotion?Exam 5 psychologyMotivation- Inner state that energizes behavior toward the fulfillment of a goal- Drive reduction theory: when everything is good, u r in a state of homeostasis- EX: so if u just eat a meal and u fell totally full or u just drink a big glass of water or u justhad a wonderful time with ur friends..ur going to feel homeostasis- Inbalance of homeostasis.. ex. If ur thirsty haven’t had enough to drink..imbalance translets to a need- That leads to a drive..- The reason y we engage in this behavior is bc of the drive.. then leads it to be restored- Need for social connection is also a primary drive- Secondary drive: ex. Money. toddler doesn’t understand what money is but we are driven to money..we think it is important we want money bc it associated with fulfilling our primary drives.- Money is going to give us accees to food and water- Maslows Pyramid of needs- Most basic needs at the bottom- Hypothalamus..ventromediall..gets u to stop eating.. when ur blood sugar is high it means u have enough food in ur system- Lateral..u need more food- If u destroy the ventromedial of rat it will just keep eating..bc that what inhibits hunger- Lateral.. just wont eat no matter how skinny it gets- We get hungry with anticipation.. smell pizza wwhen box is open.. that is the anticipation- If we give u one food, u really wouldn’t want to eat it - Restrained eater overthink about every food they eat- Unrestrained just eat when they r hungry- Obese increases if u have a friend that is obese- The ones who weren’t attracted to fatty foods and like other shit died off the one that like fatty foods survived- Ironic processes… prof quiet for 10 secs don’t think about white bear- Distract themselves think about something else.. search process is more of the unconscious part- As soon as u stop trying to think of white bears, rebound occurs.. the thoughts of white bears come back in ur mind- Most people gain the weight and even more of it- Short term diets r detrimental- Doctors diagnose u by looking at ur symptoms- ED affects basic life function- Women are shown the images they don’t know what they look like. Imagine them bigger than what they actually are- Women want a smaller body image than what they have- Wrong as to what is seen as the oppsite sex..picks one that is thinner- Men would pick same body type for all three pictures- Men had healtheier body image back then- Over last decade, men are also unhappy with their body- Men have minimal investment.. woman takes a lot for raising a kid. Breastfeeding for many years- Bc for men , the minimal investment was so small, their motivation would be to have as many children as possible- Women were insulted by the questions itself- Men weren’t raised to have a bunch of friends and talk about their feelings..and not as close to the kids- Wife still has people to talk top when husband dies still has frinds talk to their kids- Intrinsic—bc u like it u enjoy it it gives ua wonderful sense of accomplishment..not something materialistic- Extrinsic,, bc of the praise from other people, or people may pay u - Extrinsic rewrads kill intrinsic motivation.. happens a lot in the real worldEmotion- Physiological component..emotions teend to covary with the ans- Component where our body in some emotion sort of feels like its getting going and its active- Polygraph are incredible unaccurate- If she ask did u murder ur best frind.. u gunna say no,no I didn’t…heart starts pounding ustart feeling sweaty.. that would be normal- Telling a giant lie- That’s not a distinct physchologivcal clue… a lot of things can u make u feel nervous and sweaty- When people r innocent.. the test are really inacurrate - Being innocent isn’t gunna keep u from getting freaked out- Criminal can learn to trick the system to make them look innocent- Expressive component - Cognitive component..counterfactual..imagining what could have been- Imagine it is spring break, have vaccine for covid, u didn’t do anything fun for long time..made friemd at UB who is rich… fried says we