MethodsNeurological and Genetic Bases of BehaviorThe BrainSensation and PerceptionFirstclass–Introductions–HistoryofPsychology–Methods–WhatIsn’tPsychology?“latenightchats”Whatdodreamsmean?Whyarepeoplethewaytheyare?Ifatreefallsintheforestandnoonehearsit,doesitreallymakeasound?Whydoesn’the/shecall?AResearchFindingAboutLoveVote!TheHindsightBiasTheHindsightBiasPredictWinnerofElectionPowell(1988)PredictRapeCaseJanoff-Bulmanetal.(1985)WhatIsPsychology?TheScientificStudyofMentalProcessesandBehavior.Scientific:Systematic,objectivemethodsofobservationMentalprocesses:AllconsciousandunconsciousmentalstatesMustbeinferredBehavior:Anyactivitythatcanbeobserved,recorded,andmeasured.Page 2GoalsofPsychologyTheHistoryofPsychologyWundtThefatherofpsychologyFirstlaboratoryStructuralism—identifythecomponentsoftheconsciousmindIntrospectionKeyidea:ourconsciousnesscanbebrokendownintoitsessentialelementsStructuralismThepersonalobservationofourownthoughts,feelings,andbehaviorsIgnorewhatthisobjectis,andinstead,describeyourconsciousexperienceofitFunctionalismHowtheconsciousmindhelpshumanssurviveandsuccessfullyadapttotheirenvironmentInfluencesbyCharlesDarwinWilliamJamesAmazingIdeasandProseFirstLabinUSAKeyidea:ourconsciousnessservesanadaptivepurposebyhelpingussurviveGestaltPsychologyThewholeismorethanthesumofitspartsVisual(e.g.Neon)Keyidea:tounderstandconsciousness,wemuststudythewhole,notjustitscomponentpartsPsychodynamicTheoryFreudTheoryofhowthoughtsandfeelingsaffectbehaviorPushandpullofunconsciousandconsciousforcesKeyidea:ourbehaviorisdeeplyinfluencedbyunconsciousthoughts,impulses,anddesiresBehaviorismWatsonReactiontoPsychodynamicTheoryReinforcementStudybehaviorforbehaviorssakeKeyidea:ourbehaviorislearned,observable,andmeasurableHumanisticPsychologyRogersReactiontoBehaviorismandPsychodynamicPeoplehavepositivevalues,freewill,andcreativityGoal:PersonalGrowthKeyidea:wehavefreewilltolivemorecreative,meaningful,andsatisfyinglivesPage 3CognitiveApproachHowinformationisstoredandoperatedonReactiontoBehaviorismKeyidea:howourbrainprocessesinformationinfluenceshowwebehaveNeuropsychologyUnderstandinghowthebrainworkshelpsustounderstandpsychologyEvolutionaryPsychologyNaturalSelection:changesinthefrequencyofgenesinapopulationthatoccurbecausethosegenesgiveanorganismmorechanceofsurvivalIntegratingthePerspectivesTheeclectic,orintegrated,approachCombiningseveralperspectivesprovidesamorecompletepictureofbehaviorForexample,anxietymaybedescribedas:AchangeinbrainchemistryAlearnedbehaviorAnadaptiveresponseAproductofunresolvedfeelingsRootedinadissatisfactionwithone’sselfWhatdopsychologistsdo?WhichSubfieldDoPsychologistsTodayChoose?MethodsTheStoryofKittyGenovese:WhyDon’tPeopleHelp?ScientificmethodAsetofproceduresusedinsciencetogather,analyze,andinterpretinformationinawaythatreduceserrorandleadstodependablegeneralizationsStepstoResearch:Page 4ComeupwithHypothesisHypothesis:atentativestatementabouttherelationshipbetweentwoormorevariables.Exp:“thelargerthenumberofpeoplewhoarewitnesstoanemergency,thelesslikelyanyoneistointervene.”OperationalizeyourvariablesVariables:measurableconditions,events,characteristics,orbehaviorsthatarecontrolledorobservedinastudyExp:numberofpeople,helpingOperationalizeyourvariablesIndependentVariable:thevariablesthoughtto“predict”theothervariableVariablethoughttopredictothervariableExp:numberofpeopleOperationalizeyourvariablesDependentVariable:Anyvariablewhosevaluesaretheresultofchangesintheindependentvariable.The“predicted”Exp:helpingOperationalizeyourvariablesOperationalization:theconcreterepresentationofthevariableofinterestExp:whatishelping?ChooseaResearchMethodCaseStudySurveyCorrelationalResearchExperimentChooseaResearchMethodCaseStudy:reallifedescriptionPro:richdatasourceCon:vulnerabletobiases,limitedgeneralizabilityGeneralizability:whatinferencescanyoumakeaboutthephenomena’sbreadth.AnalyzingthecaseofH.M.NonexperimentalMethods:SurveysPollingalargepopulationSurveyInterviewsorquestionnairesofmanyparticipantsconcerningaparticularphenomenaofinterestPros:moregeneralizability,widearrayoftopics,reallifedescriptionCons:vulnerabletobiases,“tests”arecorrelationalinnatureBias:self-presentationbias,wordingPage
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