Name Directions You should work on this genetics homework over the next few weeks as you go through the genetics section of your BS 162 This assignment is meant for you to complete and use as a reference in this class and future genetics classes to help you understand the fundamental concepts in genetics Feel free to make any notes to yourself in the margins so when you look back at this document you will remember your thinking at the time Once you have completed this document you should compare it to the rubric and then you should scan it and keep it as a digital copy in your D2L Portfolio The word bank at the end of the document is for your reference You will receive further instruction on how to use your D2L Portfolio from your instruction team BS 162 Common Homework for Genetics Section Petunias are a common flower around the world because of their bright colors and long blooming cycles but Petunias are native to South America Petunias are diploid with 14 chromosomes For a particular species of petunias the different color plants can all be interbred in greenhouses however these different color plants typically do not breed in their natural environment because different organisms are responsible for pollinating each color Flowers can attract different pollinators based on the color of the flower in the daytime and the ability to absorb UV light which is visible at night Bees and birds are attracted by bright colors like reds and purples while moths are attracted by strong UV absorbance which is usually found in white flowers Remember that pollination is essential to flowers for reproduction Without their pollinators helping the flowers would not be able to reproduce naturally A majority of this case study is taken from Hester Sheehan et al 2016 MYB FL controls gain and loss of floral UV absorbance a key trait affecting pollinator preference and reproductive isolation Nature Genetics 48 159 166 Table 1 Flower color and Primary Pollinator for Three Colors of Petunias Flower Color in visible light Purple White Red Ability to absorb UV light Primary Pollinator Minimal UV light absorption Bees High UV light absorption Moths Minimal UV light absorptions Hummingbirds Researchers are interested in whether the differences in flower color and the ability to absorb UV light are controlled primarily by genetic factors OR in response to environmental factors One group of researchers led by Foster proposed that the plant can change the color of its flowers and its ability to absorb UV light based on the density and species of pollinators in the area Another group of researchers led by Sheehan believes that there is a single gene that is primarily responsible for flower color and UV absorption and the plants cannot change their flower colors during their lifetime regardless of density and species of pollinators in the environment Q1a In 2 3 sentences briefly explain how you would design an experiment that would test Foster s proposal that plants can change their flower color based on pollinator density and species composition to increase pollination Q1b What is the null hypothesis for the experiment to test Foster s idea Q1c What is an alternative hypothesis for the experiment to test Foster s idea Q1d Based on your experiment in 1a draw a figure that would show data that does NOT support Foster s ideas that plant color would change based on pollinator density and composition Make sure you label the axes and the scale marks tick marks Q1e Below your figure write a figure legend caption that includes complete sentences explaining what the figure is representing For the upcoming spring Patriotic Plant Company PPC wants to create a plant that produces flowers that are red white and blue and also are extralarge The researchers at PPC have found a species of Petunias with a single gene for petal color The petal color gene is located on chromosome 6 The allele R produces red flowers in the homozygous form and the allele W produces white flowers in the homozygous form In addition the gene for petal color shows co dominance in the heterozygous form The researchers have also located a gene in tropical frogs called FRG that produces a blue protein called Ranasmurfin Cooper and Kennedy Biophys Chem 2010 in either the heterozygous and homozygous dominant form The researchers have successfully inserted the FRG gene on chromosome 7 of this species of petunias Finally on chromosome 8 is a gene that controls size of the flowers in the plants The B1 allele produces extra large flowers and is dominant to both the B2 medium flowers and B3 small flowers alleles B2 is dominant to B3 Fill in the table below to help you keep track of the genes Chromosome Number Location 6 Alleles R or W Genotypes RR RW WW Phenotype Red Red and White White 7 8 In the main office at PPC there is a petunia plant that has all medium flowers let s assume it is homozygous for the flower size gene The flowers have both red and white blotches on them It does not have any of the blue color because it has the genotype ff for the FRG gene It is receiving plenty of nutrients and sunlight in the office and is growing quickly Imagine you are drawing a cell is the leaf of your plant In the drawings label all alleles present in each drawing Label sister chromatids and homologous pairs at least once for Q3 a c Q2 If we are focusing on a cell in the leaf whose primary function is growth what process would we be modeling Name that process and explain its primary purpose Q3a Draw a nucleus of this plant in phase G1 of the cell cycle Show chromosomes 6 7 and 8 For your model answering the following B2 R B2 Number of cells Is the DNA replicated or unreplicated Is the cell diploid or haploid f f What is the n for this particular model Q3b Draw a nucleus of this plant in metaphase Show chromosomes 6 7 and 8 Reminder Have you lined up your chromosomes properly so that when the cell divides you will end up with the correct products For your model answering the following Number of cells Is the DNA replicated or unreplicated Is the cell diploid or haploid What is the n for this particular model Q3c Draw the product s of this process Number of cells For you model answer the following questions Is the DNA replicated or unreplicated Is the cell diploid or haploid f What is the n for this particular model Q3d When we label a homologous pair does that genetic information come from one of both parents How does having a homologous pair present in a cell relate