Anthro 2050 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 12 - 20Lecture 12 Intro to Primates1) What is gene flow? What is its effect on variation? through immigrants from one population to another, introducing new alleles to a population. 2) What is genetic drift? What is its effect on variation within and between populations? random sampling and fluctuating of gene frequencies from one generation to the next. Seen frequently in very small populations. 3) What is founder effect? a small subset of a population breaks off to make their own population. Suddenly, and traits not in these individuals are not in the new populations, and traits they do have become more common than in the original population4) Why do we study primates? Because in evolution they are our closest current relatives5) What are the three groups of mammals? Where do primates fit? Monotremes- egg laying mammals, Marsupials- infants complete development in an external pouch, Placental- fetus develops in a longer gestation inside the body and are raised on mothers' milk after birth (primates fall under placental)Lecture 13 Characteristics of Primates1) What characteristics define the primate order? General hand structure, clavicle, reliance on vision, small litters, large brains, social learning2) Where do primates live? Mostly in Africa and South Asia3) What are the main types of primate locomotion? Brachial, Bipedal, Quadrupedal, Knuckle Walking4) TAXONOMY: There is a tree that keeps turning up in lecture. Know all the groups listed on it. Most go down to the family level, but know Old World monkeys and apes down to the subfamily level.Lecture 14Strepsirhines 1) Are mostly nocturnal, have large ears for hearing and use scent to signal to others. They include Lemurs, Lorises, Bushbabies, Tarsiers, and Aye-Ayes. It is important to know the characteristics of each that make them unique. For example, that the Lemurs are the only Strepsirhines that are not nocturnal, or that Tarsiers are the only purely carnivorous primates, living only off of insects.Lecture 15New World MonkeysThey live in South and Central America, and are characterized by their flat, upwards turned nostrils. Theyare all arboreal and some have prehensile tails for grasping the branches. Capuchins are exceptionally bright compared with other New World Monkeys, and even display tool usage. Howler monkeys are also interesting, due to their well developed hyoids which allows them to make very loud sounds, giving themtheir name. Marmosets and tamarins are unique because, while other monkeys have nails, they have claws. They are also polyandrous which is rare for prmates.Lecture 16Old World MonkeysFrom Africa, Asia, and Europe. They are all diurnal. They have calluses on their rear from sitting on the ground a lot. Include macaques, baboons, colobus monkeys, probiscus monkeys, and mandrils. Some have cheek pouches for food storage, similar to a squirrel. Gelada baboons are interesting in that their colorings are on their chests to signal rank and sexuality. Hamadryas and Olive baboons live near each other, and sometimes male hamadryas baboons capture female olive baboons, producing mixed offspring.Lecture 17 and 18ApesApes are different from monkeys as they have no tail. Central and West Africa as well as South East Asia. Among primates, apes have the largest brain to body size ratio. Gibbons Live in South East Asia and eat fruits and have brachiation locomotion. Orangutans also eat fruits, and are socially solitary in the wild, but function perfectly fine in groups in captivity. Gorillas are herbavors and walk on their calloused knuckles and have a polygynous harem social structure. Common Chimpanzees are omnivores, use tools and hunt, hugely territorial and exhibit fierce battles similar to warfare. Bonobos are laid back, primarily frugivorous, very sexually promiscuous and not very territorial.Lecture 19Social and Reproductive Behavior1) What is a home range? the fixed area a group of animals constantly occupy. It is not territorially defended in general, and often overlaps with the home ranges of other groups2) What is a territory? a home range specifically occupied by a single group and the borders are defended by members of the group3) Why is there variation in home range size and whether or not a primate will defend a territory? factors believed to influence this includes the size of the group, the body size of the species, food availability, and other factors such as predators and how much energy it would take to defend, and if the resources are scarce enough to justify defending.4) What are the main types of primate social organization? Solidarity, Monogamy, Polygamy, Polyandry, and Multi Male/Female Groups.5) Infanticide occurs when a dominant male is replaced with a new dominant male in a harem social structure, and the new male kills all infants of a certain age of the previous male, not wanting to waste energy and resources on another male's offspring, and so he can produce his own offspring with the females.Lecture 20Primate Cognition and Culture1) What is the ecological model of primate intelligence? so primates could track where and when food resources would be ready and available throughout different times of the year2) What is the social model of primate intelligence? to cope with and track many and complex social relations in a larger population.3) What is theory of mind? ability to recognize the of mental states (beliefs, feelings, motives, and knowledge) in oneself and others and recognize that they may differ from your own.4) What is culture? basic components of culture describe it as: specific to a group and transmitted through social learning. However, it can be difficult to define culture beyond that and determine ifteh behaviors of primates and other animals can be counted as