Anthro2050 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Evolutionary TheoryII. Important Figures in Evolutionary TheoryOutline of Current Lecture III. Charles DarwinIV. Natural Selection and AdaptationCurrent LectureCharles Darwin: - Heavily influenced by Malthus, Lamark, and Lyell.- Born in 1809 to a fairly wealthy family. Was interested in natural sciences from an early age- His father wanted him to be a doctor and sent him to medical school. While Darwin found thathe did not like studying medicine, and was horrified by surgery, however this was where he was first introduced to the evolutionary theory of the time. He then went on to major in the natural scientists.- At 22, Darwin gained an opportunity to sail the world on the HMS Beagle as part of a five year natural science survey. While traveling, he made many observations of natural life. The area most commonly related to his studies are the Galapagos Islands. There he noticed that different types of similar animals on different islands seemed to have changed over time to suit the conditions of each island, for example the differences in the tortoises on the islands. - He went back home and married and had a family. Due to health issues, he was kept at home mostly where he dwelled on his observations from the trip and later formed his theory of evolution by natural selection. - While he formed his theory in 1839, he procrastinated on publishing it for the next two decades. He knew his ideas would be controversial and difficult to present to both the scientific community of the time and the general public. However, after receiving a letter from a colleague, Alfred Wallace, that Wallace had written while in a malaria induced hallucination. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.The letter had ideas that were the same as Darwin's ideas on natural selection. He knew that if he didn't publish soon, Wallace would.- Originally Darwin and Wallace were to publish and release the theory of natural selection together, however since Darwin was already well established in the scientific community, he ended up getting full credit. Darwin published the 'Origin of Species' in 1859.Natural Selection and Adaptation:There are four main principles that sum up Darwin's theory of natural selection1. In each generation there are more offspring produced than can survive2. Offspring vary; though not all the same, they do resemble their parents and siblings3. Some of these variations are better suited for survival than others4. The competition for resources favors individuals with these variations, resulting in that individual's survival-The term 'fit' in the popular phrase 'survival of the fittest' has nothing to do with bigger, better, stronger, faster. 'Fit' in Darwinian terms refers to an individual's ability to live to reproductive age, find a mate, and reproduce successfully.- Adaption: the functional response of populations to the environment that result from natural selection. A feature produced by natural selection in a population- these changes occur and develop over many, many generations. - In order for a feature to be considered an adaptation, it must be heritable, functional, adaptive, and useful to its current function.- this means it must be passed down genetically, must perform some function, must increase the fitness of the individual, and be adapted or made for the current function-Pre-adaptations are features that are evolved for one purpose but may be used to function for another purpose as well- Exaptations are features that evolved for one function originally but have further changed overtime to fit a new function- Out-dated adaptations are features that formed for a purpose but are no longer needed for that purpose- By-products are features that seem to be adaptations but are just a secondary part of a different