Protein Deficiency- Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition)- Impaired growth- Mental retardation- Impaired immune system- Edema – lack of albumin to hold water in blood, fluid pools in the rest of the body- Intestinal malabsorption – lack of enzymes and cells being madeMarasmus (protein – energy malnutrition)o Hunger and famine o Look starved and wastedo Growth stuntingo Increased risk of illness/infectionProtein Requirements and SupplementationAmount:- Adult- 0.8g protein x Kg body weight/day- Based on balance = intake (-) output- Better usage when it’s a lower - Poorer usage when high (used for energy) Quality:- Digestibility affects quality- Amino acid content determines protein quality – amino acid score based on the lowest proportion of EAA’s (essential amino acids)- Complete proteins – all EAA’s in the optimal ratio- Incomplete proteins – missing or having a low amount of one or more EAA’s- Complementary proteins – two proteins that have a high amount of the EAA that’s low in the other, combination of the proteins leads to a high quality protein intakeOutput:- 1. Feces (depends on digestibility) - 2. Urine (depends on intake and quality)- 3. Insensible losses (not controllable e.g. hair, skin, nails, sweat)Need:- 1. Maintenance (sedentary, active lifestyle)- 2. Pregnancy - 3. Lactation- 4. Growth (infancy, childhood, adolescence)- 5. Exercise (endurance, cardiovascular, weight training)- 6. Disease (injury, illness)Sources:High (ideal) – Eggs, QuinoaVery good – Milk, meat, soyGood – LegumesFair – GrainsPoor – Gelatin Beta Carotene source – carrotsVitamin C sources – Citrus fruitsVitamin D sources – fatty fish, cheese, natural sunlightCalcium sources – milk, yogurt, cheeseTotal Energy Expenditure - BMR (basal metabolic rate) – the resting energy expenditure (REE) measured soon after awakening in the morning, at least 12h after the last meal60-75% total energy expenditure (lightly active individuals)- Physical activity – 15-35% of the total energy expenditure (varies) NEAT (non exercise activity thermogenesis)- Thermic effect of food (TEF) – energy cost associated w digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food 5-10% of daily expenditurefat is metabolized more efficiently than protein or carbs Obesity Theories Set Point Theory – each person is “programmed” to weigh a certain amount or to have a particular level of body fatIf individuals weigh less or more than their “set point” their body makes adjustments in food intake or BMREnergy regulating hormones: Ghrelin – increase food intake Leptin – decrease food intakeDeficienciesB vitamins – (B1) Beriberi-Reduced cognitive functionHeart failureFatigueParalysis Dementia Anemia Overall weakness(B2)- WeaknessDry skinCracks at corner of the mouthMagenta tongueVitamin C – Scurvy: disease resulting in the breakdown of collagen(bruising, swollen/bleeding gums, slow wound healing, gingivitis, dry hair, rough dry skin)Functions:Protein – structuralGrowth Maintence and repair of body tissuesEnergy – 4 kcals/g, secondary roleHormone production – insulin, glucagon, secretinBlood proteins – blood clotting, delivery of oxygen to tissues, transport proteinsCalcium – bone structureNerve transmissionMuscle contractingBlood clottingVascular controlVitamin C – immune functions (protects white blood cells from oxidative damage)Skin/blood vessel health (collagen formation)Increases Iron absorption Antioxidant – Protects lungs and LDL cholesterol, regenerates vitamin EB Vitamins – Coenzyme (works with an enzyme) for energy metabolism Plays a role in the synthesis of neurotransmittersTransfer energy to ATPVitamin D – Bone metabolismCalcium absorption by intestine Calcium reabsorption by kidney (so it’s not lost in urine)Protein Structure – determined by their amino acid sequenceAmino Acids- Amine group – always has nitrogen - Carbon Skeleton – central group with hydrogen- Peptide bond – links together 2 amino acids - Dipeptide – 2 amino acids - Polypeptide – many amino acids Weight loss meds o Sibutramine (Meridia) – removed from marketo Orlistat (Xenical)o Qnexa o BelviqCancer promoters and carcinogens- Promoter – increases cell division, does not cause cancer AlcoholHigh estrogen levelsDietary fat – associated w colon cancer Does not initiate cancer- Carcinogen (initiators)Cancer causing substance Radiation: sunlight, x-raysCarcinogenic chemicals – natural/synthetic air pollutants, pesticides, plants Vegan - no animal productsLacto-vegetarian – no milk productsLacto-ovo-vegetarian – no milk or egg productsPseudo-vegetarian – poultry, but no red meatEnergy Intake 1 lb = 3,500 kcal1 kg = 7,700 kcal 10 extra kcal/day = 1lb a yearFat soluble vitamins – A, E, D, KAntioxidant FunctionVitamin E- antioxidant for lipids in the body (like cell membranes)Vitamin C- immune function (protects white blood cells from oxidative damage)Skin/blood vessel health (collagen formation)Increases iron absorptionAntioxidant (protects lungs and LDL cholesterol)Regenerates vitamin ESelenium – cofactor for an antioxidant enzyme – prevents oxidative damage to cell membranesVitamin A/Beta Carotene – Vitamin A: vision, cell differation, bone health, immune function, antioxidantCarotenoids: conversion to vitamin A, antioxidant for lipoproteins such as LDLPhytochemicals – give color, flavor, odor protection to plantsCarotenoidsGarlic colorTea – tannis Antioxidant properties Obesity and Body shapeAndroid (apple shape) – central obesityGynecoid (pear shape)Waist circumference – measurement of abdominal obesityBMI Underweight < 18.5Healthy 18.5-24.9Overweight 25-29.9Obese 30-39.9Morbid obesity > 40Complete proteins – meat, dairy, cheeseIncomplete proteins – nuts, legumes, veggiesMetabolic PathwaysGlycolysis – Anaerobic – no oxygenHappens in cytosol of cellsTo blood as a lactateAerobic – oxygenMitochondriaCitric acid cycleEnergy formed (ATP)CO2 formedBehavior modification – the use of empirically demonstrated techniques to improve behaviorAmino Acid metabolism- Transamination – transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to the carbon skeleton to form a new (different) amino acid B6 REQUIREDUsed for formation of nonessential amino acids Deamination – removal of the amine group from an amino acid B6 REQUIREDUsed for excretion of amine and energy production from amino acidProtein Digestion – Hormones – insulin,