BananaStock Fotosearch Chapter 14 Emotion and Stress What is an Emotion Emotions are subjective experiences that arise spontaneously and unconsciously in response to internal and external events Emotions have two components physical reaction rapid heartbeat etc conscious experience or feeling What is an Emotion Emotions are subjective experiences that arise spontaneously and unconsciously in response to internal and external events Emotions lie on two continuums Valence positive or negative Arousal level Expression Recognition of Emotion Arousal Approach Avoidance Communication Fear Neutral Happy The Yerkes Dodson Law Facial Expressions Facial nerves control the muscles involved in facial expression Cranial nerve VII superficial muscles attached to skin Cranial nerve V deep muscles attached to bones of head Facial Expressions Facial nuclei Located in pons nuclei near midline Upper 1 3 of face receives bilateral input Lower 2 3 of face receives contralateral input only Facial Expressions Facial nuclei Located in pons nuclei near midline Upper 1 3 of face receives bilateral input Lower 2 3 of face receives contralateral input only Hemispheric stroke Neural Control of Facial Expression Voluntary Voluntary Spontaneous Right Hemisphere Cortical Damage Spontaneous Parkinson s Volitionaldisease facial paralysis Two pathways control expression Voluntary motor cortex input Involuntary subcortical BG Neural Control of Facial Expression Voluntary Parkinson s Disease Spontaneous Parkinson s Emotionaldisease facial paralysis Two pathways control expression Voluntary motor cortex input Involuntary subcortical Emotions are Universal Paul Ekman small number of universal emotions Happiness sadness anger fear disgust surprise Expressed by 42 facial muscles Emotions are Universal Children s capacity for emotional expression Blind infants express emotions e g social smile at the same time as sighted infants Infants protest separation from mothers at the same time across cultures Cultural Contributions to Expression Cultures influence how expressive we are in group situations American students are about as expressive when alone as when in a group of strangers Japanese students are more expressive when alone than when in a group of strangers Individual Differences in Emotion Kagan Temperament differs at birth Babies that are highly reactive to environmental stimuli may develop anxiety disorders later in life Low responders may develop antisocial behaviors later in life Psychopaths are extremely non responsive possibly leading to lack of empathy Low amygdala activation Emotion Physiological response and conscious feeling Cortex Thalamus Limbic System Bodily Reaction Stimulus Emotion Physiological response and conscious feeling Emotion Three Theories James Lange Theory Cannon Bard Theory Schacter Singer Theory James Lange Theory Specific pattern of autonomic arousal leads to specific emotion James Lange Theory Specific pattern of autonomic arousal leads to specific emotion Emotion can be induced by the corresponding bodily responses Cannon Bard Theory Autonomic arousal and identification occur simultaneously and independently Schacter Singer Theory Physiological arousal contributes to emotion s intensity while identity of emotion is based on cognitive appraisal Subjects injected with adrenaline or placebo In absence of appropriate explanation for arousal participants manipulated into emotional experience Informed vs ignorant subjects paired with euphoric or irritable companion Ignorant subjects attributed physiological arousal to presence of companion Theories of Emotion Complexity of Emotion Physiological feedback may not be necessary but adds intensity Patients with spinal cord injury have full range of emotions though muted Conscious appraisal may not be necessary but allows for identification of appropriate response Disgust vs pride Biological Correlates of Emotion Complex interacting physical responses that combine activation of ANS amygdala cingulate cortex and cerebral cortex The Limbic System Complex interacting physical responses that Cingulate Cortex combine activation of ANS amygdala cingulate Corpus Callosum cortex and cerebral cortex Thalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Hypothalamus The Amygdala Kluver Bucy Syndrome bilateral temporalobectomy Decreased emotional reactivity Hyper orality putting random things in mouth Hyper sexuality The Amygdala Stimulation produces fear anxiety Damage difficulty identifying fear anger expressions Input sensory cortices ACC hippocampus Output frontal temporal lobes BG hypothalamus The Amygdala Imaging more active when viewing expressions of fear The Amygdala Bilateral damage to the amygdala impairs ability to associate neutral and aversive stimuli Urbach Weithe Disease display arousal when startled but cannot learn conditoned emotional response Fear Conditioning LA lateral nucleus CE central nucleus Fear Conditioning Information related to CS and US can enter amygdala directly through thalamus or indirectly through cortex Lateral La site of CS US association Central Ce expression of CR Fear Conditioning Amygdala and LTP Rosenkranz Grace 2002 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Role in emotion attention cognitive processing consciousness Serves as gateway between limbic structures and PFC Active when we express emotion Damage may be implicated in psychopathy Anterior Cingulate Cortex Role in emotion attention cognitive processing consciousness Same regions activated by physical and emotional pain Right ACC larger in people who score high in harm avoidance The Cerebral Cortex Clinical observations of frontal lobe damage e g Phineas Gage Difficulty making and executing plans Reduced emotionally esp fear and anxiety The Cerebral Cortex Emotional lateralization Left hemisphere damage depression Right hemisphere damage surprisingly cheerful The Cerebral Cortex Look left right hemisphere processes emotional facial expression better and faster