HD 101 Exam 2 Peeples 1 Chapter 4 Scheme according to Piaget a mental structure that organizes information and regulates behavior changes from physical to functional Assimilation according to Piaget taking in information that is compatible with what one already knows experiences Accommodation according to Piaget changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge modified new 4 stages Sensorimotor preoperational concrete operations formal operations Sensorimotor period Infancy 0 2 years o Adapting to and exploring the environment o Object permanence understanding acquired in infancy that objects exist independently of oneself o Using symbols Preoperational period preschool early elem 2 7 years o Egocentrism difficulty in seeing the world from another s point of view typical of children in the preoperational period Concrete operational period mid late elem 7 11 years Formal operational period adolescence adult 11 years Animism crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike properties such as feelings Centration according to Piget narrowly focused type of thought characteristic of preoperational children Na ve physicsClassical conditioning a form of learning that involves pairing a neutral stimulus and a response originally produced by another Operant conditioning view of learning proposed by B F Skinner that emphasizes reward and punishment Autobiographical memory memories of the significant events and experiences of one s own life Learning to count One to one principle counting principle that states that there must be one and only one number name for each object Stable order principle counting principle that states that number names must always be counted in the same order HD 101 Exam 2 Peeples 2 Cardinality principle counting principle that the last number name denotes the number of object being counted Zone of proximal development difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone Scaffolding a style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learner s needs Private speech a child s comments that are not intended for others but are designed instead to help regulate the child s own behavior Phonemes unique sounds used to create words the basic building blocks of language Infant directed speech Cooing early vowel like sounds that babies produce infant Babbling speechlike sounds that consist of vowel consonant combinations common at about 6 months Fast mapping a child s connections between words and referents that are made so quickly that he can t consider all possible meaning of the word Intonation 8 11 months Chapter 5 Hope according to Erikson an openness to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance Erikson s first three stages Age Infancy 1 3 years 3 5 years Crisis Strength Basic trust vs mistrust Hope Autonomy vs shame and doubt Will Initiative vs guilt Purpose Will according to Erikson a young child s understanding that he or she can act on the world intentionally this occurs when automony shame and doubt are balanced Bowlby children who form an attachment more likely to survive 4 phases of attachment Preattachment Attachment in making True attachment Reciprocal relationships birth to 6 8 weeks 6 8 weeks to 6 8 months 6 8 months 18 months 18 months HD 101 Exam 2 Peeples 3 Forms of Attachment Secure attachment relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers 60 65 Avoidant attachment relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation 20 Resistant attachment relationship in which after a brief separation infants want to be held but are difficult to console 10 15 Disorganized attachment relationship in which infants don t seem to understand what s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers 5 10 Make believe cognitive development Basic emotions emotions experienced by humankind and that consist of three elements a subjective feeling a physiological change and an overt behavior Subjective joy anger fear 5 6 mo 2 3 mo 6 mo 18 24 mo 4 6 mo facial expressions joy emerges stranger awareness pride guilt complex facial expressions to regulate emotions Social smiles smile that infants produce when they see a human face Parallel play when children play alone but are aware of and interested in what another child is doing 12 mo play along side Simple Social play play that begins about 15 18 months toddlers engage in similar activities as well as talk and smile at each other Cooperative play play that is organized around a theme with each child taking on a different role begins at about 2 years of age Prosocial behavior any behavior that benefits another person Altruism prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her behavior Empathy experiencing another person s feelings Congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAH genetic disorder in which girls are masculinized because the adrenal glands secrete large amounts of androgen during prenatal development HD 101 Exam 2 Peeples 4 Chapter 6 Deductive reason drawing conclusions from facts characteristic of formaloperational thought Working memory type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored briefly Long term memory permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity Sternberg s Theory of Successful IntelligenceAnalytic ability in Sternberg s theory of intelligence the ability of analyze problems and generate different solutions Creative ability in Sternberg s theory of intelligence the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems Practical ability in Sternberg s theory of intelligence the ability to know which problem solutions are likely to work Binet Simon Mental age MA in intelligence testing a measure of children s performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child s Intelligence quotient IQ mathematical representation of how a person scores on an intelligence test in relation to how other people of the same age score Dynamic testing measures learning potential by having a child learn something new in the presence of the examiner and with the examiner s help Stereotype threat an evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong Mental retardation substantially below average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment