Lecture Notes Gabriel Psych101 Section 3 Page 1 765t66 LECTURE NOTES FOR SECTION 3 OF CLASS BEGIN HERE Emotion Four Components of Emotion Physiological processes Expressive Behavior Cognitive Appraisal v Emotion The Physiological Component The Autonomic Nervous System Polygraph Tests as Lie Detectors Assumes that lying leaves distinctive physiological clues Empirical support is weak and conflicting Test is inadmissible in most courts It is illegal to use for most job screening The Expressive Component Facial EMG Studies of Emotion Electrodes placed on the face record activity in various muscles Positive emotions increase activity in cheeks Negative emotions increase activity in forehead and brow area The Cognitive Component Counterfactual thinking What could have been Examined pictures of Olympic medal winners Happier if won bronze than silver Lecture Notes Gabriel Psych101 Theories of Emotion Section 3 Page 2 Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion Emotion originates in the thalamus Body physiological systems and Mind emotional experience are independently activated at the same time James Lange Theory of Emotion Emotion arises from physiological arousal Happiness comes from smiling Sadness comes from crying Sensory Feedback Facial Feedback Hypothesis The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can produce corresponding changes in emotion Facial Feedback Strack Hold Pencil in mouth while doing task Mimic frowning or smiling Measure mood The people who frowned were in a worse mood after and vice versa Mood After Manipulation Two factor Theory of Emotion Physiological arousal Sweaty palms Increased heart rate rapid breathing Cognitive Label Attribute source of arousal to a cause To have an emotion both factors are required Dutton and Aron s study Lecture Notes Gabriel Psych101 Section 3 Page 3 Four Components of Emotion Emotion A state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes brain activation cognitive appraisals subjective feelings and tendencies toward action Emotion and the brain Amygdala responsible for assessing fear damage to this results in abnormality in processing fear Cerebral cortex generates a more complete picture These 2 parts of the brain work together Hormones and Emotion When experiencing an intense emotion two hormones are released Epinephrine Norepinephrine Results in increased alertness and arousal At high levels it can create the sensation of being out of control emotionally Facial Expressions The same facial expressions of basic emotions are found across cultures and in totally blind and deaf children Basic Emotions Fear Anger Disgust Surprise Happiness Sadness Contempt Culture and Emotional Variation Culture determines what people feel angry sad lonely happy ashamed or disgusted about Some cultures don t have words for emotions that seem universal to others Tahitian and sadness Some cultures have words for specific emotions unknown to other cultures Lecture Notes Gabriel Psych101 Section 3 Page 4 Emotional Leakage Much emotional meaning is communicated nonverbally Leakage refers to communicative incidents in which nonverbal signals betray the true content of contradictory verbal messages Emotional Leakage Facial Expressions Emotional Leakage Gaze Look at interaction partner in face 70 75 of the time Less conveys negative emotions More conveys positive emotions Emotional Leakage Gesture self touching actions e g touching face gripping hands indicate intense emotions depression elation anxiety Emotional Leakage Touch Affection love Fear But also power and status Emotion and Gender Overview Physiology and intensity Sensitivity to other people s emotions Cognitions Expressiveness Factors which affect expressiveness Emotion work Gender Physiology and intensity Women recall emotional events more intensely and vividly than do men Men experience emotional events more intensely than do women Conflict is physiologically more upsetting for men than women Possible reasons for differences in physiology and intensity Males autonomic nervous system is more reactive than females Men are more likely to rehearse angry thoughts which maintains anger Lecture Notes Gabriel Psych101 Women are more likely to ruminate which maintains depression Section 3 Page 5 Gender Sensitivity to Other People s Emotions Factors which influence one s ability to read emotional signals The sex of the receiver How well the sender and receiver know each other How expressive the sender is Who has the power Stereotypes and expectations Gender Cognitions Men and women appear to differ in the types of every day events that provoke their anger Women become angry over issues related to their partners disregard Men become angry over damage to property or problems with strangers Gender Expressiveness In North America women Smile more than men Gaze at listeners more Have more emotionally expressive faces Use more expressive body movements Touch others more Acknowledge weakness and emotions more Compare to women men only express anger to strangers more Gender Emotion Work Women work hard at appearing warm happy and making sure others are happy Men work hard at persuading others they are stern aggressive and unemotional Why Gender roles and status Happiness Who is Happy Age Lecture Notes Gabriel Psych101 People think it will play a role but does not No Gender differences Marriage and Happiness Why are married people happier Two way street Marriage reduces loneliness Only true for happy marriages Unhappily married very unhappy 3 out of 4 Americans spouse is best friend 4 in 5 would marry them again Mood and Cognition Mood and Cognition Encoding and recall better for mood congruent information Exp mood induction list of words memory for words Exp depressed people Mood Congruency Bias Exp given products to rate given cookies and juice Rated products better Exp All things considered how happy are you with your life found money in Xerox machine Rated self as happier in general Mood and use of Heuristics Happy all is good Can coast Sad something wrong must focus Exp mood induction happy sad neutral Read about Jim got caught cheating given stereotype information Jim is student athlete Mood and use of Heuristics Section 3 Page 6 Lecture Notes Gabriel Psych101 Section 3 Page 7 Developmental Psychology The Nature Nurture Debate The debate over the extent to which behavior is determined by genetics and the environment Nature or Nurture Studying adopted children allows researchers to compare correlations between the