Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Cellular RespirationSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Why do we have a respiratory system? A circulatory system?EarthwormDiffusion and a Diffusion gradientDiffusion TimeLung StructureAlveolusSlide 16Functions of Respiratory SystemSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32The Respiratory SystemStructure, Function, and Physiology in Health and DiseaseRespiratory PhysiologyDr. Hudson121 Farber [email protected] and Levy, Physiology, 6th EditionThe Respiratory System – Chapters 20-25LECTURE SEQUENCE FOR RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGYLecture 1 Introduction to Respiratory PhysiologyLecture 2 Lung Volumes and VentilationLecture 3 Pulmonary MechanicsLecture 4 DiffusionSpring Break 3/20/16 - 3/25/16Lecture 5 Blood Flow (Perfusion)Lecture 6 Ventilation/Perfusion RelationshipLecture 7 Blood gas TransportLecture 8 Control of BreathingEXAM 3 (4/11/16): RESPIRATION EXAMInteractions of the Major Organ Systems of the Human BodyRespirationThe primary function of pulmonary respiration is to obtain oxygen for use by the cells of the body and to eliminate the carbon dioxide produced by cells.Internal or CellularRespirationExternal or PulmonaryRespirationCellular Respiration•Set of metabolic reactions within a cell or organism that convert nutrient biochemical energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).•Waste products are produced by metabolism.Glucose → metabolism → CO27,931 s1. Phosphagen : ATP-PhosphoCreatine (PCr) system2. Glycolytic : Glycolysis : anaerobic ATP generation : oxygen independent ATP generation3. Oxidative : Aerobic Phosphorylation : oxygen dependent ATP generation(2)Why do we have a respiratory system? A circulatory system?EarthwormSection throughworm’s skinCO2 diffusesoutO2 diffuses inthe blood vesselsabsorb the O2 andcarry it to the body0.04mmdiffusion takes place through the thin skin of the wormA diffusion gradientThe molecules are more densely packed on the left and so they tend to diffuse into thespace on the right. This is a diffusion gradient Diffusion and a Diffusion gradientDiffusion Time� ≈�22 �• •D is the diffusion coefficient of a solute in free solution. Units of area/time (e.g. / s).• is the mean distance traveled by the diffusing solute in one direction along one axis after elapsed time .• is the elapsed time since diffusion began. Distance of Diffusion of Oxygen over a range of distancesApproximate Time Required10 nm 23.8 ns100 nm 2.38 us (2,380 ns)1 um 238 us10 um 23.8 ms1 mm 3.97 min1 cm 6.61 hours10 cm 27.56 daysthe air passages in the lungbranch into finer and finer tubeseach tube ends up ina cluster of tiny airsacs.Lung Structureblood supply to air sacair breathedin and outO2CO2AlveolusFour integrated processes:1) Ventilation (breathing)- Inspiration- expiration2) Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and the blood.3) Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood.4) Exchange of gases between blood and cells.5) Diseases that effect respiration.Overview of RespirationFunctions of Respiratory System1) Gas Exchange – bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide from the body.2) Condition of Inspired Air: Temperature, humidity, and filtration.3) Host defense – primary barrier between inside body and outside environment.4) Metabolic organ – synthesizes and metabolizes many compounds, 99% of blood flow moves through the lungs.5) Phonates (vocalize sounds)LUNG DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMEMPHYSEMA (involves both the airways and the lung parenchyma)Smoking DiseaseASTHMA (primarily involves the airways)Reactive Airway DiseasePULMONARY FIBROSIS (primarily involves the lung parenchyma)Lung Injury and DiseaseRESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (primarily involves the lung parenchyma)Premature Babies (<32 weeks), adults with advance disease or injuryCYSTC FIBROSIS (multiple organ disease that primarily involves the airways in the lung)Genetic DiseaseRight Lung (60%)-3 LobesLeft Lung (40%)-2 LobesFissures allow lobes to slideReserve volume Pleura-Visceral (lung ) -Parietal (chest wall)Pleural SpacePleura-creates a liquid interface-pneumothorax (air)-pleural effusion (fluid)-empyema (infection: Staphylococcus, E.coli, many others)Pleural Sacs Enclose Lungs1. Fluid filled (25-30 ml)2. Provide a slippery surface3. Holds the lungs tight against the thoracic wall due to the cohesiveness of water.The pleural sac forms a double membrane surrounding the lung.Conducting Zone•Non-collapsible airway•Cartilaginous rings•Hyaline Cartilage•No gas exchangeRespiratory Zone•Collapsible airway•Gas exchange•Terminal bronchiole•Respiratory bronchioleRespiratory Tract = Conducting zone + Respiratory zoneTerminal BronchiolecartilageConducting Airway ~ 150ml Respiratory bronchioles (Anatomic Dead space) Alveoli ~2500ml (70-85msq)Multiple Branching of Airway•Air Conduction Portion•Nasal cavity•Nasopharynx, larynx•Trachea•Primary Bronchi (Left and Right)•Secondary Bronchi•Tertiary Bronchi•Bronchioles•Terminal Bronchioles•Respiratory Portion•Respiratory Bronchioles•Alveolar Ducts•Alveoli (alveolus)Sequence of the Various Subdivisions of the Respiratory Tract.The conducting zone of the respiratory system1) Low resistance pathway for airflow to the respiratory zone.2) Warm air to body temperature (37°C).3) Adding water vapor until inspired air reaches 100% humidity.4) Filtering out foreign material-Particulates (dust, pollen, smoke, etc.)-Viruses-BacteriaCell types of the conducting zone•Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium•Ciliated cells (columnar epithelial cells)•Goblet cells (contain membrane-bound mucous granules and secrete mucus)•Basal cells (small cuboidal cells that give rise to other cell types)Opening of Goblet cellCilia cross section-9 doublets of tubulin containing microtubules-Center, 2 single units-Dynein is an ATPase that converts ATP hydrolysis energy to a bending motion.Mucociliary Apparatus(Mucociliary Clearance)Saline layerin lumenRespiratoryepithelialcellsNa+H2OCl–AnionchannelNa+ECFH2OATPNa+Na+K+2Cl–K+K+NKCC brings Cl– into epithelialcell from ECF.Apical anion channels,including CFTR, allow Cl– toenter the lumen.Na+ goes from ECF to lumenby the paracellular pathway,drawn by the electrochemicalgradient.NaCl movement from ECF tolumen creates a concentrationgradient so water follows intothe lumen.© 2013 Pearson Education,