The Respiratory System Structure Function and Physiology in Health and Disease Respiratory Physiology Dr Hudson 121 Farber Hall rlhudson buffalo edu Berne and Levy Physiology 6th Edition The Respiratory System Chapters 2025 LECTURE SEQUENCE FOR RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY Lecture 1 Introduction to Respiratory Physiology Lecture 2 Lung Volumes and Ventilation Lecture 3 Pulmonary Mechanics Lecture 4 Diffusion Spring Break 3 20 16 3 25 16 Lecture 5 Blood Flow Perfusion Lecture 6 Ventilation Perfusion Relationship Lecture 7 Blood gas Transport Lecture 8 Control of Breathing EXAM 3 4 11 16 RESPIRATION EXAM Interactions of the Major Organ Systems of the Human Body Respiration External or Pulmonary Respiration Internal or Cellular Respiration The primary function of pulmonary respiration is to obtain oxygen for use by the cells of the body and to eliminate the carbon dioxide produced by cells Cellular Respiration Set of metabolic reactions within a cell or organism that convert nutrient biochemical energy into adenosine triphosphate ATP Waste products are produced by metabolism Glucose metabolism CO2 7 931 s 2 1 2 3 Phosphagen ATP PhosphoCreatine PCr system Glycolytic Glycolysis anaerobic ATP generation oxygen independent ATP generation Oxidative Aerobic Phosphorylation oxygen dependent ATP generation Why do we have a respiratory system A circulatory system Earthworm diffusion takes place through the thin skin of the worm Section through worm s skin 0 04mm the blood vessels absorb the O2 and carry it to the body O2 diffuses in CO2 diffuses out Diffusion and a Diffusion gradient The molecules are more densely packed on the left and so they tend to diffuse into the space on the right This is a diffusion gradient A diffusion gradient Diffusion Time 2 2 D is the diffusion coefficient of a solute in free solution Units of area time e g s is the mean distance traveled by the diffusing solute in one direction along one axis after elapsed time is the elapsed time since diffusion began Distance of Diffusion of Oxygen over a range of distances Approximate Time Required 10 nm 23 8 ns 100 nm 2 38 us 2 380 ns 1 um 238 us 10 um 23 8 ms 1 mm 3 97 min 1 cm 6 61 hours 10 cm 27 56 days Lung Structure each tube ends up in a cluster of tiny air sacs the air passages in the lung branch into finer and finer tubes blood supply to air sac Alveolus O2 CO2 air breathed in and out Overview of Respiration Four integrated processes 1 Ventilation breathing Inspiration expiration 2 Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and the blood 3 Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood 4 Exchange of gases between blood and cells 5 Diseases that effect respiration Functions of Respiratory System 1 Gas Exchange bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide from the body 2 Condition of Inspired Air Temperature humidity and filtration 3 Host defense primary barrier between inside body and outside environment 4 Metabolic organ synthesizes and metabolizes many compounds 99 of blood flow moves through the lungs 5 Phonates vocalize sounds LUNG DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM EMPHYSEMA involves both the airways and the lung parenchyma Smoking Disease ASTHMA primarily involves the airways Reactive Airway Disease PULMONARY FIBROSIS primarily involves the lung parenchyma Lung Injury and Disease RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME primarily involves the lung parenchyma Premature Babies 32 weeks adults with advance disease or injury CYSTC FIBROSIS multiple organ disease that primarily involves the airways in the lung Genetic Disease Right Lung 60 3 Lobes Left Lung 40 2 Lobes Fissures allow lobes to slide Reserve volume Pleura Visceral lung Parietal chest wall Pleural Space Pleura creates a liquid interface pneumothorax air pleural effusion fluid empyema infection Staphylococcus E coli many others Pleural Sacs Enclose Lungs 1 Fluid filled 25 30 ml 2 Provide a slippery surface 3 Holds the lungs tight against the thoracic wall due to the cohesiveness of water The pleural sac forms a double membrane surrounding the lung Respiratory Tract Conducting zone Respiratory zone Conducting Zone Non collapsible airway Cartilaginous rings Hyaline Cartilage No gas exchange Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Respiratory Zone Collapsible airway Gas exchange Multiple Branching of Airway cartilage Terminal Bronchiole Conducting Airway 150ml Anatomic Dead space Respiratory bronchioles Alveoli 2500ml 70 85msq Sequence of the Various Subdivisions of the Respiratory Tract Air Conduction Portion Nasal cavity Nasopharynx larynx Trachea Primary Bronchi Left and Right Secondary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles Respiratory Portion Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar Ducts Alveoli alveolus The conducting zone of the respiratory system 1 Low resistance pathway for airflow to the respiratory zone 2 Warm air to body temperature 37 C 3 Adding water vapor until inspired air reaches 100 humidity 4 Filtering out foreign material Particulates dust pollen smoke etc Viruses Bacteria Cell types of the conducting zone Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Ciliated cells columnar epithelial cells Goblet cells contain membrane bound mucous granules and secrete mucus Basal cells small cuboidal cells that give rise to other cell types Opening of Goblet cell Mucociliary Apparatus Mucociliary Clearance Cilia cross section 9 doublets of tubulin containing microtubules Center 2 single units Dynein is an ATPase that converts ATP hydrolysis energy to a bending motion Secretion of the Saline Layer Saline layer in lumen Na H2O Cl Sodium Potassium Chloride Pump NKCC brings Cl into epithelial cell from ECF Anion channel Respiratory epithelial cells Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Apical anion channels including CFTR allow Cl to enter the lumen Na goes from ECF to lumen by the paracellular pathway drawn by the electrochemical gradient K ATP Na ECF H2 O Na Na 2Cl K K NaCl movement from ECF to lumen creates a concentration gradient so water follows into the lumen Cystic Fibrosis genetic disease poor chloride transport in epithelial cells 2013 Pearson Education Inc