ANSC 1676/SAAS 276: Exam 1 Review SheetMarch 9, 2017 BPB 131 3:30-4:45pmBring a #2 pencil to the exam. The exam will be multiple choice and matching.1. How would you define a companion animal?a. Implies domestic and breeding, don’t eat them2. During domestication, which trait was primarily selected for by humans? What other animal changes occurred due to this selection? Why? How were species chosen for domestication?a. Tamibilityb. Other changes – behavioral and appearancei. Smaller teeth, skull shortening, smaller brain, tamec. Domestication syndrome – results predominantly from mild neutral crest cell deficits during embryonic developmentd. Criteria for speciesi. Herbivorous, must reach mature size quickly, captive breeding3. How are breeds of animals within a species created?a. Individuals selected and bred by humans based on desirable characteristicsb. Undesirable characteristics bred out4. What criteria can be used when choosing a pet?a. Species, male/female, breed, temperament, ease in training, activity level, health history of breed5. What considerations are necessary when housing a rabbit indoors? Outdoors?a. Bunny proofing – wires, wood, etc.b. Fencingc. Outdoor – shade/drafts/ventilation, predator protection, easy to clean6. What is a normal rabbit diet? a. Greens – romaine, 75% hay7. Why are there so many rabbits? Hint: what is unique about their reproduction that allows females to be very prolific?a. No estrous cycle, induced ovulatory, seasonal breeding8. What is a zoonotic disease?a. Bacteria, parasite, fungal infection – human cases, HIV9. How has selection for better sled dogs altered their physiology compared to other species or even other types of dogs?a. Cross-bred, lots of hemogloben10.What is the function of panting? a. A method of cooling down11.Which structures in the brain release hormones that control the reproductive system? What effect does the thyroid gland have on the body? Where is the thyroid gland located?a. Hypothalamus, pituitary glandb. produces hormones that control metabolic ratec. front of the neck12.Why do predators have eyes close together in the front of their head, while prey animals have their eyes on the sides of their heads?a. So the prey can have a better range or where the predators are coming from13.Are cats and dogs color blind? How have cats adapted to see more clearly in the dark?a. Yesb. ?14.Which structure converts sound waves into nerve impulses?a. Senses - vision15.Describe the Flehman response. What additional olfactory sense organ do dogs possess that enhances the “sniff”?16.On a hot day, a rabbit attempts to run away from a circling hawk. How do each of the systems of the rabbit’s body react to this change in activity?17.Compare and contrast the digestive systems of the carnivorous cat and the herbivorousrabbit. What is cecotrophy and why do rabbits exhibit this behavior?18.What are the 6 nutrients? Explain the use of each nutrient within the body.a. A – vision (F)b. D – bones/calcium (F)c. E – antioxidant (F)d. K – blood clotting (F)e. B – energy metabolism (W)f. C – antioxidant, connective tissue (W)19.An appreciation of considerations regarding diet quality is important when deciding which pet food to buy. Describe what a consumer should know with respect to quality of protein and digestibility of ingredients.20.Which of the stages of life requires the most amount of energy?a. lactation21.Which disease is most common in companion animals today? Why?22.How does a dog diet differ from a cat diet? What extra nutrients do cats require? Why?a. Cats need more protein, they break it down better than other animalsb. Cats need extra fatty acidc. Cats need less carbohydratesi. Higher gluconeogenesisii. Higher amino acid metabolism23.What assessment can be done to ensure that a pet is receiving the required amount of calories?24.Describe the issues surrounding the debate concerning feeding raw pet food.a. Dangerous for humans/babies to get into. Spread of bacteria25.What are the primary sex organs in a male and female pet? What is the function of these organs? What hormones do each produce and what are their effects?a. Ovaries – eggs, hormonesi. estrogenb. Testes – sperm, hormonesi. Sperm cell production, maturation, transport, storage, testosterone production26.What is the site of fertilization? Where do the fetuses grow and develop within the mother?27.How is the length of an estrous cycle measured? What is estrus? What is happening on the ovary during estrus?a. Period of standing heat/sexual receptivityb. Estrogen levels are high28.Define neutering and spaying?a. Surgical sterilizationb. Spaying – removal of entire reproductive tract (uterus/ovaries)c. Neutering – removal of testicles 29.Why would a breeder purposely breed closely related animals? What can be the negative effects? How does this differ from outcrossing? What is the advantage of outcrossing?a. Breathing problems, hip dysplasia, difficulty giving birth, seizures, heart disease, skin diseasesb. Outcrossing – animals that are not relatedc. Traits of both breeds30.What is the inbreeding co-efficient? How would a breeder use this information?a. Measurement of inbreeding, how inbred are they?31.List 5 characteristics of being a responsible pet owner.a. Commitment, investment, obey, identify, limit, prepare32.What are some negative consequences of not being a responsible pet owner?a. Pet overpopulation, rabies/disease33.What are some common causes of infectious disease?a. Bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites34.Describe the routes of disease transmission.a. Direct contact, aerosol, feco-oral, insect, indirect contact, oral, food/water borne, breeding/semen, urine, milk, wildlife vectors35.Describe the three steps that can prevent disease transmission.a. Prevent exposure to pathogens, maximize immunity, manage the environment36.What changes are associated with normal aging in pets? What suggestions are made toprolong the health and activity of senior pets?a. Basal metabolic rate, body composition, integumentary system, digestion37.Compare and contrast animal shelters and rescues. Why are rescues gaining in popularity in the Northeastern US?a. Shelter – temporary homeb. Rescue – takes animals from shelter – proactively finds home38.What are two responsibilities of an Animal Control Officer?39. Review/study the four discussion