EpigeneticsPaper Rubric:1. Explain general background of the issuea. Explain WHAT Epigenetics is “Epigenetics”b. Define TERMS relevant to topic “genotype, phenotype”c. History of Epigenetics “coined by Waddington in 1940s, Minnesota studies in 1970s, 2. Importance of topic - a. How does it impact our everyday lives? b. -health, culture, economy, etc.c. Or how do these things affect IT?3. Impact on ENVIRONMENTa. Positive and negativeb. Don’t want a LIST of pros and cons, but a few THOROUGHLY explained4. Give relevant examples of topica. In a way that enhanced the paper, and not just listing examplesb. Coral leechingc. Microbial leveld. Depressione. Alzheimers5. What can we do to support or address the issue? a. DON’T LIST --explain what’s worked in the past, and what might in the future.b. Give personal take on additional things we can do to help with issue or at least raise awareness about it.Notes from Yubin:1. Epigenetic studies started with environmental microbes2. More detail in paper3. Define phenotype, genotype within Epigenetics4. Find a few examples5. Already have Humans in Medical6. Epigenetics is telling us to go patient to patient7. Epigenetic coral reef systems8. Coral Leeching9. Just expand on diseases & current OR relevant news (ie. depression, Alzheimers)10. OR go microbial level11. “This is what happens” so if applied to humans, will be helpful.I. IntroA. What is Epigenetics?B. The study of chemical reactions and factors that influence the activation and deactivation of parts of the genome at strategic times and in specific locations.C. Greek Epi for “over,” or “outside of” genetics, is believed to have more role in affecting diseases than genetics. Seen expressed in phenotype, rather than genotype. II. The way that it works is through DNA methylation and histone modificationIII. THe Human Epigenomic ProjectA. Analyzed 150 billion genome sequencing reads in 2015B. Tied cell changes to 58 different biological traitsC. Epigenomic changes of cells reveal possible cluesD. For example, Alzheimer’s disease may involve immune systemE. Predisposition to depression could come from grandparents IV. The Bad Mice Mother ExperimentGuidelines for Papers:- Minimum 5 pages. Maximum 10 pages plus references- Double space, font 12.- Can include a few images or diagrams (but not 5 pages of only images!!)What is Epigenetics?The study of cellular and physiological phenotype trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off.Affects how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. Unlike genetics, based on changes to the DNA sequence (the genotype), the changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype of epigenetics have other causes. Thus the Greek Epi for “over,” or “outside of.”http://www.joshgitalis.com/epigentics-do-genes-determine-your-destiny/Hence, epigenetic research seeks to describe dynamic alterations in the transcriptional potential of acell. These alterations may or may not be heritable, although the use of the term "epigenetic" to describe processes that are not heritable is controversial.[3] Unlike genetics based on changes to theDNA sequence (the genotype), the changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype of epigenetics have other causes, thus use of the prefix epi- (Greek: επί- over, outside of, around).[4][5]DNA MethylationX-chromosome inactivation● The choice of which X chromosome will be inactivated is random in placental mammals suchas humans, but once an X chromosome is inactivated it will remain inactive throughout the lifetime of the cell and its descendants in the organism.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Human Epigenome Project (HEP) is a multinational science project, with the stated aim to "identify,catalog, and interpret genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of all human genes in all major tissues".[1] It is financed by government funds as well as private investment, via a consortium of genetic research organisations.The call for such a project was widely suggested and supported by cancer research scientists from all over the world.[2][3][4][5]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Epigenome_Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenoleukodystrophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-inactivation http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/twins/http://www.whatisepigenetics.com/fundamentals/3/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/intro/http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/epigenetic-influences-and-disease-895http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392256/http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/13-grandmas-experiences-leave-epigenetic-mark-on-your-genesSince the molecular basis and impact of epigenetics has been found, its field of study has grownsubstantially. Scientists J.S. Griffith and H.R. Mahler’s Nature article publication in 1969 aided this growth by proposing that DNA methylation may be important in long term memory function. By the 1990s, there was a renewed interest in genetic assimilation—where an environmentallyinduced phenotype becomes genetically fixed such that the original stimulus that induced the phenotype is no longer required” The Human Epigenome ProjectEpigenetic states have been found to affect aging, disease, cancer, and development of Epigenetic changes are certainly becoming known for important for the growth of different cell types in organisms and normal cellular processes, including X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals that can even lead to fatal diseases in