CHEM 2 TESTChapter 5- Energy= Capacity to do work OR trasnfer heat- Work= Energy used to cause an object to move against force- Heat= Energy used to cause the temp of an object to increase temp (HEAT DOES NOT EQUAL TEMP)- Kinetic Energy= Energy of motion (KE) E=1/2 (mass)(velocity^2)• Joules or calories- Potential Energy= Energy of a position or orientation in a field of force• PE is converted to KE until it stops• Electrostatic Potential energy (Eel = k(Q1Q2)/distance) • k constant= 8.99x10^9 Jm/C^2- System= Portion of the universe that we have chosen to study• Usually, reactants and products of a rxn.- Surroundings= The rest of the universe1. Open System= Can exchange energy and matter with surroundings2. Closed System= Can exchange energy but not matter with surroundings3. Isolated System= Can exchange neither energy nor matter- First Law of Thermodynamics= Energy is conserved in any process• Energy is neither created nor destroyed• Energy that is lost by the system must be gained by the surroudings• At top of hill- 0 KE, High PE• At bottom of hill- High KE, low PE• Opposing force from atmospheric pressure P: F= P x A - Internal Energy (E)= Sum of potential and kinetic energy• E= PE + KE• Change of internal energy (Delta E= E final-E initial)• - E means system has lost energy to surroundings (EXOTHERMIC)• + E means system has gained energy from surroundings (ENDOTHERMIC)• If initial energy state is increased the system has gained Pe from surroundings • If things go down on energy diagram it is -- ANOTHER WAY TO EXPRESS CHANGE IN THERMODYNAMICS= Change inE = q(heat) + w(work) - Internal energy can be transferred between system and surroundings in the form of heat (q) or work (w)- State Fxn= Depend only on the present state of the system, not on the path by which the system reached that state• PE, KE, and IE (E) are state fxns- Path Fxn= Depend on the path that was taken during a process• work & heat are path fins- Enthalpy… (H)• H = E(Internal E) + P(pressure)V(volume)• Change in H = qp • Change in H= Hfinal - Hinitial (kJ)- Reverse rxn= same enthalpy but opp. sign- Calorimetry= Measurement of heat flow associated with chemical runs or physical processes (C)- Heat capacity = Amount of heat required to raise the temp of an object by 1 K (1 Celsius)• Molar heat capacity (Cm) = heat capacity of 1 mol of a substance• Specific heat capacity (Cs)= heat capacity of 1 g of a substanceCs= q(heat)/m(change in temp)- Step 1= Run the run and measure temp change if surroundings- Step 2= Relate temp. change of surorundings to amount of heat trasnsferred using known capacity 1. Coffee Cup Calorimetry (Constant pressure)• treated as an isolated system• styrofoam cup• q sol= -qrxn [qsolution = (m solution)(Cs solution)(change temp) = - q rxn]2. Bomb Calorimetry• qrxn= (-Ccalorimeter) (change in temp)• -Ccalormieter= heat capacity of the calorimeter instrument- Hess’ Law= If a process occurs in steps, the enthalpy change for the overallprocess is the SUM OF THE ENTHALPY CHANGES FOR THE INDIVIDUAL STEPS• Rules to keep in mind:…Change in enthalpy is an extensive propertyEnthalpy changes sign when a process is reversed - Standrad Enthalpies of Formation (DeltaHf)= The enthalpy change that occurs in the formation of one mole of a substance in the standard state from elements in their standard states- Standard state= most stable, pure form at 1 atmosphere (1 atm) of pressure and a specified temp- Every substance has its own unique delta Hf- Standard enthalpies of Rxn (Delta H rxn)Delta H rxn = (Sum of standard endtalpies of products) - (Sum of reactants)Chapter 6- Wave= A periodic disturbance that travels through a medium• Wavelength= (Lambda sign) distance between peaks, measured in m or nm• Amplitude = height of the wave• Frequency= (v) number of peaks that pass thru a point in a certain amount of time, measures in Hz or 1s-1• Velocity= wavelength x frequency- Electromagnetic Radiation= Perpendicular oscillating magnetic & electric fields;also called radiant energy• All types move at the speed of light — C=2.9979x10^8m/s — C=wavelength x freuency- Blackbody Radiation: When solids (that are otherwise dark or “black”) are heated, they emit light• Spectrum of emitted light (color of light) shifts to short WL as temp increases• Max Planck: Energy of the emitted light is QUANTIZED (can only posses discrete values)• Plancks Eqn.= Delta E= nhv• h= 6.626x10^-34- Photoelectric Effect: when light with frequency greater than a certain threshold strikes a metal, electrons are emitted• Key experimental observations…1. No electrons emitted when frequency of light was below a certain