SOC EXAM 2 IN CLASS NOTES WOOOO Chapter 4 GENDER BIOLOGICAL SEX DIFFERENCES AND CHANGING GENDER ROLES o Men are taller weigh more o Men in teen years have more muscle and women have more body fat o Women in the Boston marathon o Even though the fastest women are slower than the fastest men the gap is closing o Historically race officials have given women a head start but that is now changing o Women racing time has continued to increase o From 2009 women are majority of marathon runners in the United States o Gender nature vs nurture o How much of what we are as masculine NOTES Male and female brains are wired differently o Women better at remember more emotional events men not so much Lewis Wolpert argues that there is actually hard science NOTES NOTES Wolpot argues that brain development leads to mang sex differences For example man tend to be NOTES Lots of anecdotes on how different boys and girls are Emotional development boys have more trouble getting over problems girls are more likely to experience fear o o o o o o o o o o March 23 Boys likely to move objects to fit and better at spatial things Boys have shorter attentions spans Girls better at pattern identification and pay more attention to human voice and talk earlier than boys Girls tend to score higher in reading and boy in later year tend to be better at math Numerous students have shown that women talk more than men A recent estimate that women speak about 20 000 words per day and boys speak about 7 000 words per day Some scientist believe that this difference is rooting in biological differences between NOTES Non verbal Communication just as mean and women differ in verbal communication they differ in nonverbal skills NOTES Men talk more interrupt more argue more talk about achievements claim NOTES Numerous studies have found gender differences in personality traits NOTES Women more sensitive men more dominance rules and stability Some studies indicate that such differences are fairly large Men and women have same characteristics they are just on a continuum Difference between men and women is less than the differences between men and men or women and women Large amount of overlap Thought that men were better than men at math on average men score higher than women on tests more men are really gifted mathematical gueinesses and more likely to get really bad scores Women are catching up in math Math scores vary a lot in different cultures In culture where men and women are treated the same the scores are closer together opposite in cultures where there is gender inequality Men talk more in public and less intimate and women talk less in public and more in intimate Gender refers to the social meaning given to sex differences Different cultures or subcultures attach different meanings or expectations to the differences between NOTES Sex biological differences physical attributes hormones brain biologically determined fixed Gender describes characteristics of society like masculine or feminine attitudes and behaviors of men and women gender is learned through family education religion varies across time and culture Gender norms are not imposed by men onto women women often impose gender norms on each other Stereotypes for genders March 25 Tiny Disney princesses and hulk males heroes can change the men and women feel about themselves Male prostitute female cop Gender socialization little boys and little girls encouraged to play with different toys Boy are associated with blue and girls associated with pink Children engage in their own acts of gender socialization Gender norms and roles are changing Women now more likely to work and hold high positions and men are now more likely to take part in things like housework and childcare Support for traditional gender roles has declined over tiem in the US For example NOTES Today more people think that marriages should be more equal with both people working and having household responsibilities Today people are more likely to think that moms can work an still have good relationships with kids When a woman gets married she 31 thinks she should take husbands last name 6 say hyphenated 3 say keep her name 57 thinks its up to her Republicans think she should either take the name or choose for herself and Demicraets think its up to her Why are toys so gendered Children s preceptions of gender roles are changing boys draw masculine images like guns boys and girls both use animals and bugs o European boys had more weapons in draws than US boys At the same time traditional attitudes and belief about gender have not disappeared Facebook effect everyone is so clich girls said yummy and smiley icons and boys use more wtf and engineering Large part of the world remains very traditional in terms of how they view gender Have changed a lot more in western and industrial countries NOTES Women are paid less in every age group Women earn more than men as part time workers The wage gap NOTES White men earn more than white women Asians men earn A LOT more than Asian men Across age groups women are slowly closing the gap between wage differences and in some age groups they women were close to equal with men Young women are more likely to be close to men s wages than older women Birth control can be shown to have helped close the wage gap between men and women Access to the pill were likely to have a higher wage and accounts for 30 of men and women s earnings The gender gap reflects several underlying causes o Education attainment works in favor of women o Unexplained o Occupational difference o Industry the person works in o Labor force they work in o Union status Full time workers o Some women earn as much as men Women who were never married closest to men Single no children no children Married with kids People who get higher pay have more years of experienceespecially in their current occupation A woman today is 50 times as likely to be a stay at home mom than their husband to be a stay at home dad About 94 of women attorneys working at the top law firms in 1987 left their jobs between one and eight years later Unmarried women who don t have children actually earn more than unmarried men TEST QUESTION March 27 Women who take at least on year off to raise children experience and wage gap and lower wages Women pay an economic penalty for having children This explain a lot of the wage gap Mothers experience different penalties than fathers men actually tend to make more after they have children