The Scope of Inorganic Chemistry Medicine •MRI •X-ray contrast imaging •drugs (arthritis, cancer,… Biochemistry/Biology • metalloproteins • metalloenzymes • O2 binding • catalysis • ion transport Organic Chemistry • organometallics • metal compounds in synthesis/catalysis Materials Science • electrical and magnetic properties of solids • solid state structures • semiconductors • superconductors (high Tc) Geology/Geochemistry • synthesis and structure of minerals • stellar evolution • astrochemistry Organometallic Chemistry • new compounds • structures • catalysis INORGANIC CHEMISTRY • new compounds • geometrical and electronic structures • reactivityIf some universal catastrophe were to engulf the world, and humankind Could retain one scientific concept in order to rebuild civilization, what would that one concept be? Response for physicists (Richard Feynman in “Six Easy Pieces”): The modern idea of atoms. Response for chemists: The periodic table The periodic table encapsulates the concept of elements, organizes physical and chemical trends of substances, and compares the structure of the different atoms— All in a very small space. Inorganic Chemists think they own the Periodic Table. So, How did it all start?84Be with t1/2 of ca. 10-18 sec 63Li + 21H 2 42He + EnergyStable vs. Unstable or Fissionable Nuclei Project no. 1. Nuclear Reactions; Web ElementsWebElementsTM Periodic Table http://www.webelements.com Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Period 1 1 H 2 He 2 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 3 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 4 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 5 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 6 55 Cs 56 Ba * 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 7 87 Fr 88 Ra ** 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 115 Uup 116 Uuh 117 Uus 118 Uuo *Lanthanoids * 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb **Actinoids ** 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 NoMass Spectra computer: http://www.sisweb.com/mstools/isotope.htmDimitri Mendeleev 1834-1907 ZE A Z = No. protons in nucleus, Atomic number A = Mass number; no. of protons + neutrons in nucleusCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.Color Metal Flame Colors Red Carmine: Lithium compounds. Masked by barium or sodium. Scarlet or Crimson: Strontium compounds. Masked by barium. Yellow-Red: Calcium compounds. Masked by barium. Yellow Sodium compounds, even in trace amounts. A yellow flame is not indicative of sodium unless it persists and is not intensified by addition of 1% NaCl to the dry compound. White White-Green: Zinc Green Emerald: Copper compounds, other than halides. Thallium. Blue-Green: Phosphates, when moistened with H2SO4 or B2O3. Faint Green: Antimony and NH4 compounds. Yellow-Green: Barium, molybdenum. Blue Azure: Lead, selenium, bismuth, CuCl2 and other copper compounds moistened with hydrochloric acid. Light Blue: Arsenic and come of its compounds. Greenish Blue: CuBr2, antimony Violet Potassium compounds other than borates, phosphates, and silicates. Masked by sodium or lithium. Purple-Red: Potassium, rubudium, and/or cesium in the presence of sodium when viewed through a blue glass.Atomic Emission (Spectroscopy) • An emission spectrum requires first the addition of energy to a material. • The addition of energy promotes electrons of that material from the ground state to the excited state. • As the electrons “fall” from the excited state to the ground state, they emit the energy they absorbed in the form of electromagnetic radiation (heat, light, etc.) • Atomic emission is used in street lamps, fluorescent lights, and neon signs. • Two common street lamps using this are the mercury lamp and the sodium lamp. • “Neon” signs frequently implement the emission spectra of other gases such as argon and krypton. • Very sophisticated instrumental techniques such as “flame photometry” and “atomic absorption” are based on the principles of atomic emission. CommentsContinuous and Line Spectra Dark Side of the Moon Pink Floyd http://webmineral.com/help/FlameTest.shtmlElectromagnetic Radiation SpectrumIn the news: January 20, 2016Paradigm Shift: Development of Current Atomic Theory Lecture 2 362 January 22, 2016700 nm 400 nm 600 nm 500 nm Uranium Mercury Helium Hydrogen Sun Emission SpectraCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A Bit of History ZE A Z = No. protons in nucleus, Atomic number A = Mass number; no. of protons + neutrons in nucleusMarie Curie—1867-1934So how to connect the physical properties of elements to the Periodic Table? Physicists! The current model of the atom belongs to Physicists! DeBroglie Schrodinger Planck Einstein Pauli Heisenberg BohrNiels Bohr and wife Margrethe around 1930 Taken from John L. Heilbron’s “History: The Path to the quantum Atom”, Nature 498, 27-30, (06 June 2013)To develop his model, Bohr followed an analogy to the radiation theory of Max Planck (right). “. . . Bohr had developed a doctrine of multiple partial truths, each of which contained some bit of reality, and all of which together might exhaust it. “There exist so many different truths I can almost call it my religion that I think that everything that is of value is true.” Taken from John L. Heilbron’s “History: The Path to the quantum Atom”, Nature 498, 27-30, (06 June 2013)700nm 400nm 600nm 500nm Uranium Mercury Helium Hydrogen Sun Emission Spectra Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein, 1925 Taken from John L. Heilbron’s “History: The Path to the quantum Atom”, Nature 498, 27-30, (06 June 2013) Lecture 2The Bohr Atom: electrons in concentric rings The Balmer formula expresses the frequencies of some lines in the spectrum of hydrogen in simple algebra: νn = R(1/22 – 1/n2) where νn is the nth Balmer line and R is the universal Rydberg constant for frequency, named in honour of the Swedish spectroscopist Johannes Rydberg, who generalized Balmer’s formula to apply to elements beyond hydrogen. Taken from John L. Heilbron’s “History: The Path to the quantum