Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 114:30pm, Hawking Auditorium, Mitchell Physics BuildingIn physical chemistry, the van der Waals force (or van der Waals' interaction), named after Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals, is the sum of the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or between parts of the same molecule) other than those due to covalent bonds, or the electrostatic interaction of ions with one another, with neutral molecules, or with charged molecules. The term includes: force between two permanent dipoles (Keesom force) force between a permanent dipole and a corresponding induced dipole (Debye force)  force between two instantaneously induced dipoles (London dispersion force). It is also sometimes used loosely as a synonym for the totality of intermolecular forces. van der Waals interactions or Force Johannes Diderik van der Waals Leiden, The Netherlands, 1837 -1923Chemical Forces and InteractionsIon-Ion Ion-Dipole Dipole-Dipole Ion-Induced Dipole Dipole-Induced Dipole Instantaneous Dipole-Induced Dipole (London Dispersion Forces)Intermolecular Forces: An Iconic graphic: Plots of boiling points of EHx vs. Molecular weightsVander Waal Forces of London type: Depend on molecular volume Instantaneous dipole/Induced dipoleHexafluorocyclohexane or 1,2,3,4,5,6 CH6F6.Van der Waals radius (non-bonding distance)Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is. Water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved O2 for every 2 molecules of N2, compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent, and about twice as much (14.6 mg·L−1) dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C (7.6 mg·L−1). At 25 °C and 1 standard atmosphere (101.3 kPa) of air, freshwater contains about 6.04 milliliters (mL) of oxygen per liter, whereas seawater contains about 4.95 mL per liter. At 5 °C the solubility increases to 9.0 mL (50% more than at 25 °C) per liter for water and 7.2 mL (45% more) per liter for sea