ENTO 210 Exam ReviewWednesday, February 12, 20146:09 PM-Vector - insect that transfers disease, picking up from one host moving into another host, moving the parasite from host to host-Parasite - causing the disease in the host-Host - the organism that the disease is happening in-Virulent - making more copies of itself Arthropod Evolution and Impact on Society-Importance of arthropodsoRoles in ecosystem1. Nutrient recycling of leaf litter, wood, carrion, dung, soil turnover2. Plant propagation-Dispersement of seeds through pollination3. Maintenance of plant community structure through phytophagy-Phytophagy - eat plants, to keep plants from taking over the surface of the earth4. Sources of food for animals5. Maintenance of animal community structure-Through predation, parasitism…eating other animals -Human health and diseaseo(KNOW) Amount of cases for comparing different diseaseso(KNOW) Understand the big/lesser players, range of number of deaths1.Malaria - largest number of cases2.Yellow fever3.Dengue fever4.Sleeping sickness5.West Nile - least number of cases-Origin of ArthropodsoCambrian explosion1.530 million years ago2.Rapid appearance of most major groups of complex animals, INCLUDING arthropods-Phylum: Arthropoda, Five Subphyla-Trilobitomorpha1. Trilobites - extinct -Crustacea1. Lobsters, shrimp-Chelicerata1. Spiders, scorpions-Myriapoda1. Centipedes, millipedes-Hexapoda1. Insects, close relatives2. Classifying arthropods: King Phylip Came Over For Good Soup-Subphylum Chelicerata-Class Arachnida1.Order Scorpiones - inflict venomous sting2.Order Araneae (spiders) - inflict venomous bite3.Order Acari (ticks and mites) - infest skins or transmit variety of diseases-Subphylum Myriapoda-Class Diplopoda (millipedes) - poisonous-Class Chilopoda (centipedes) - inflict a venomous bite-Subphylum Hexapoda-Class Parainsecta1.Protura2.Collembola-Class Entognatha Diplura-Class Insecta-Class Insecta-Apterygota (wingless) - silverfish, bristletails-Pterygota (winged)1.Paleoptera (old winged) - mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies2.Neoptera (new winged) -Subclass Exopterygota-Wings develop externally-Juvenile/nymph stages look like adults-Similar life histories-Do not have direct flight muscles-Hemimetabolis - incomplete metamorphosis-Subclass Entopterygota-Wings develop internally-Juvenile/larvae and adult are different-Pupal stage-Have direct flight muscles-Holometabolis - complete metamorphosis-Flies and mosquitoes Arthropod Morphology and Physiology-The Arthropod Body PlanoExoskeletonoPaired segmented appendages - 6 legs in Class Insecta, HexapodaoSegmented body - loss or fusion of segments through tagmosisoOpen circulatory systemoEvolution of moltingoCompound eyes-(KNOW) Tagmosis - evolution of more specialized body segments from ancestral formoEach segment has ganglia, a heart-General Insect AnatomyoAntenna, head, mouthparts, thorax, legs, abdomenoTwo pairs of wings-Cuticle structureoEpicuticle - Wax, cement layer with different protein that make it hard > function is waterproofing, coloroExocuticle - sclerotized > layer that provides protection, support….outside of endocuticle, the proteins are crosslinkedoEndocuticle - soft, pliable….outside of the epidermis, flexibility needed, seen in joints, layers of proteins of kaitin running in the same directionoEpidermis - has dermal glands that secretes proteins that make up the cuticle……base layer of living cells that the cuticle forms on top of, the most exterior living layer of cells in arthropods-Insect mouthpartso(KNOW) Be familiar with mouth partsoLabrum - upper lipoMandible - upper jawoMaxilla - lower jawoLabium - lower lip-Respiratory systemoMain trachea (longitudinal trunk) - oxygen going in and out of the tracheal system, delivering oxygen to systems/organs, not to the bloodoSpiracles - hole openings alongside of abdomenoPassing system to deliver oxygen to take away carbon dioxideoBlood does not function in carrying oxygen-Only spiders have blood that carry oxygen but only small amount-Digestion: Alimentary Canalo(KNOW) Be familiar with foregut, midgut, hindgut-Foregut - ingestion (through mouth and preoral cavity, transport (to the stomach), storage (to crop for storing), mechanical digestion (proventriculus)-Midgut - enzyme production (gastric caecum), chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients-Hindgut - water re-absorptiono(KNOW) Gastric caecum - enzyme productiono(KNOW) Malphighian tubule-Excretiono(KNOW) Malphighian tubule (like kidneys) - nitrogenous wastes have to be expelled into the feces, happens through malphighian tubule , a lot of water is used to transport waste products into tubule, cycle of water goes into tubule with feces into hind gut and reabsorbed….cycle try to conserveas much water as possible-Sensory PerceptionoBristles or Setae - all over body, mobile hairs can detect through nervous system, pores on setae can touch, on the surface of cuticle-Touch-Chemical perception (taste)oSmell - palps are lower mouthparts, involved in taste-Antennae, palpso(KNOW) What kind of sensory perceptions of those specific structures that they're involved inoMechaneoreceptors-Subgenual organs - detect vibrations in substrate (tapping) can pick up communication or species-Johnston's organ - vibrations in air, found on mosquitoes at base of antennae, allows mosquitoes to detect wing beats, to determine species, mating-Tympanal organ - like eardrums, vibrations in air, for grasshoppers, communication with a lot of sounds, clicking of wings, songs to pick up communication from other speciesoVision - detecting light vs. dark-(KNOW) Be familiar with the structures and differences between them-Ocellus - simple eyes, occur in spiders, one nerve taking signals from multiple cells, on top is the lens-Stemmata - simple eyes, lens/cell on top, all info directed to nerves, one signal is going through many nerves-Mosquitoes have compound eyes - detecting movement, made of many ommatidium - one lens that directs light down to one nerve with its own signal-Dermal detection - detection of light through the cuticle-Reproductive organs: FemalesoExternal-Gonopore-Ovipositor - social insects that have stings modify into the stinger, workers who don't reproduceoInternal-Ovary-Spermathecae - gland/pocket that store sperm, many insects breed only once in their life-Accessory gland - providing proteins and fluids that allow the egg to pass through the ovipositor-MalesoTestis - produce spermoAccessory glands - produce seminal fluidoSeminal