Chapter 7: MemoryReconstructing Memory● Our meories are amazing...and incredibly fallible● Recall versus Reconstruction○ Decades later, we still remember but...flashbulb memories○ Its so vivid but…the principles and process that enhance memory also contribute to occasional errors● Lets learn how memory works○ Max benefits, min glitchesThe Three Systems of Memory● Mind as a computer ○ Processing modules■ Sensory Memory● Role of attention● Short-Term Memory○ 7+/-2 chunks of information○ Decay○ Proactive/Retroactive Interference○ So, this is active or working memory….rehearsal/maintenance● Short-Term WORKING Memory○ Chunking○ Mnemonics○ Depth of processing->■ Reorganizing, integrating..we will come back ● Types of Memory○ Ebbinghaus- good, but not the whole pix○ Methods of testing○○ Declarative vs. procedural memory● Long-term Memory○ Encoding mnemonics, encoding specificity○ Storage and schemas○ Retrieval comes in many formsBio of Memory and Memory loss● Amnesia○ Severe loss or deterioration○ Anterograde: memory loss after a specific time vs. retrograde: old memory loss ○ Famous case of H.M.: Hippocampus removed to cure seizures○ Explicit/declarative vs. Implicit/ProceduralRetrieval is, not just retrieval● Partly what was stored● Partly what is reasonable, expected○ Schema...the grocery store schema etc.○ An example...Reconstructing Memory● Eyewitness identification and testimony● Leading the witness...● Is it possible to retrieve memories that arent even true?○ False memory- believed to be a memory but does not correspond to real events○ Recovered memories-■ Elizabeth loftus’ work on suggestion■ Many “recovered” memories are false memories03.24.16What is Intelligence?● Think of someone you consider intelligent. How would you describe them?Intelligence: The ability to solve problems well and to understand and learn complex materialIntelligence: PRE-IQ:- Intelligence reflected by physical measure-Sensory/motor processes- Heredity, eugenics (selective breeding)Intelligence Tests: Alfred Binet- Needed to find a way to decide which children needed remedial help- Focus on superior mental functions, not school history-Moron-Imbecile-IdiotIntelligence Tests: WW2- To determine someone’s cognitive activities, soldiers had to take IQ tests and depending on results, were placed in a variety of jobsIQ Tests: Standford-BinetIQ=mental age x 100Chronological ageIQ Tests: Wechsler- Verbal and performance subtestsTest Construction and Evaluation- Standardization: process of est rules for admin/interpretation- Norms:o Test on large, stratified representative sampleo Set mean and SDo M=100, SD=15Test Evaluation: What makes a good test?o Reliability and validityo Reliability: consistencyo Validity: test measure what it says it doeso Repeatability vs. AccuracyTheories of Intelligence-Nature and Nurtureo Heritability-Increased from childhood to adulthood-Lower in low SESo What does that tell us-Heritability isn’t fixedo Some “genetic” might be partly environment?-in utero, adoptive households, microenvironmentsWhat about school?o # years in school correlates with IQo Children’s IQ drop in the summertime.o Dropping out of school-> Lower IQEarly Interventions to boost IQo Boost achievement, not