PSY101 Exam2 Study guide/outline notesDevelopmental Psychology- Nature, Nurture, and Development- Maturation- Physical development in childhood- Cognitive development in childhood: Jean PiagetDefinition: the study of how people changes in life span.ZygoteEmbryo Fetus, 259 days from conception to birthMaturation: Biological growth across life span (how the brain grows as well).- Timed by maturation: 2-3months of rolling over(back to front), 4-7 months: sitting up, 6-10 months are for crawling, walking(8-12months)- Cognition(thinking) processing information- Maturation and Cognition: Jean Piaget(1st Swiss scientist who have argued this idea)How is memory early in life influenced by maturation?- Ability to remember aided by several development process( sense of myself, language, storage capacity)Essential Cognitive skills- Representing objects- Thinking logically about how objects behave or interact.- Represents abstraction (mathematical principles or legal rules).Stages of Cognitive development- Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years): when the child learns, connecting action to sensation, Object permanence develops: how things exist when it’s not visible. Focus is on one or the other, and know about Peekaboo!)\- Pre-operational (2 to 6 or 7 yrs.): can identify things, but not think logically yet. Can memorize facts, unable to foresee his action and cannot understand conversation properties across different situations. View of the world as egocentric: how children view the world as the world views on the children, will feel the exact same thing.- Concrete operational (6 or 7 to 11or 12 yrs.)- Thinks logically about concrete objects, but not using “fair” in proper manner.- No abstract concepts- Formal operational stage- Ability to think about abstract concepts- Includes all logics toward thinking of concepts.Schemas- Schema: Internal(cognitive) representation of the world- Assimilation: understanding new experience by fitting it into existing schemas- Accommodation: adjusting existing schemas to reflect better in own experience.- Contemporary view is schema is organized principle in cognitive psychology. Existence, order of stages are accurate, and brain research supports his theory.- But the stages are more continuous than Piget’s thoughts.(Formal logic (thinking abstractly) is not central to all mature thinking)Adolescence: when the puberty begins, and when adultery begins- Rapid growth, Physical readiness for reproduction(sperm production for males, ovulation, menstruation for females-releasing the eggs)- Secondary sex characteristics- Adolescence is only beginning of formal operations, speed of brain proceeds facilitated by neurons that myelinated, and myelin is covered with neurons.- Incomplete myelination may help to explain risky behaviors in adolescence.AdulthoodEarly adulthood (25 to 45 yrs.)- Decreased metabolism- Physical strength and stamina decreases in somewhat- Decreased fertility, increased sex drive for the woman(biological clock)-as woman gets older, the fertility speed declines.Early and Middle adulthood- Cognition (e.g. Formal operations) is at the peak, and no major changesLate Adulthood/ old age (65+)- Generally a time of physical decline- This accelerates throughout old age- Examples, further decrease in strength and stamina, decrease perceptual (sensory acuity), weakens immune system, and deregulated stress response.- Mix of decline and stabilityMemory- Recall memory ability declines- Recognition memory remains intact-Cognition in general* Fluid intelligence declines*Crystallized intelligence remains intactSocial DevelopmentDefinition: changes in social relationship and interactions across the life span.*Biological influences on social development: strong at first, but vastly weaker within ageErik Erikson (1902-1994)*Believed development is characterized by series of challenges*Described these in terms of 8 stages of psychosocial development1. Trust vs Mistrust (first year of life)*Skills of the newborn: *Eating (rooting reflex), *Learning who caregiver is*Secure attachment: trusting caregiver,-Caregiver leads to feelings of safety-Caregiver is soothing when things go wrong.*Insecure attachment: lack of trust in caregiver*Caregiver doesn’t lead to feelings of safety*Caregiver is not soothing or reassuring2 Types- Anxious-ambivalent: still seeks the caregiver- Avoidant: don’t seek out caregiverWho is securely attached?- About 60% of babies(Ainsworth)*Predictors of secure attachment - Having physical needs met -Having emotional needs met -Physical contactHarlow’s monkeys experiment- This study was the most controversial for involving isolation of infant and juvenile monkeys for periods of time, and monkeys were placed in isolation exhibited social deficits when re-introduced by into peer group. Those isolated monkeys were unsure of how to interact with other monkeys and forming ability to interact demonstrating the importance of social interactionand stimuli in forming the ability to interact with conspecifics in developing monkeys, and, comparatively, in children.Outcomes of attachment security-Academic achievement-Mental and physical health-Relationships later in lifeSTAGE2Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (ages 1-3)*The development of social self- Self-awareness begins around 15-18 months-Individual will begins around 24 months* Sense of mastery: wanting to accomplish things, like “Yay! I did it!”* Emotions of pride and shameSTAGE3Initiative vs. Guilt (ages 3-6)Basic social skills - Children learn how they are similar or different from others -Allows them to understand others feelings and desires-And this makes cooperation and other social interaction possibleSTAGE4Competence vs. Inferiority (ages 6-puberty)*learning the rules of society- Children will learn how to succeed in formal social settings-Children also learn more basic “rules” of cultureEX) where to follow personal goals (individualism) or grouped focused goals (collectivism)- Parenting styles, how strict the parents are, or how responsiveness of parents are. If both strict and responsiveness, then parenting style is Authoritative. Highly strict, low responsiveness (Authoritarian)Parenting Styles ResponsivenessHigh Low HighStrictness Authoritarian AuthoritativeLow Neglectful(not- caring) Permissive- Authoritative parenting: It will lead to best outcomes( academic achievement, emotional well-being)- Authoritarian parenting: It leads to best outcomes in