ThermodynamicsCourse introductionDr. DixonWhy study Thermodynamics?I. English-speaking countriesII. JapanIII. Northwest EuropeIV. The rest of EuropeV. The rest of Asia and AfricaFigures taken from https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/the-industrial-revolution-past-and-futureWhat happened?The Industrial Revolution happened!• In the 18thcentury we figured out that “heat” can be used to perform “work”• 1712 – first steam engine was actually built and used to pump water out of mines• At this point, we didn’t know how a steam engine worked – we knew that heat was being used to do work, but we didn’t know what heat actually was• The term “work” was defined in 1824 by Sadi Carnot as “weight lifted through a height” based on this initial use of steam engines• 1807 – first Internal Combustion engine used to power a boat upstream AND first Internal Combustion engine used to power a wheeled vehicle• 1882 – first electrical power plants built (London and New York)What is heat?• At the time the first steam engine was used, and for a long time after, we did not have an adequate definition of heat• Alchemy was still practiced, rather than chemistry• Atomic theory of matter was controversial and not widely accepted• Heat was initially thought of as an ethereal substance called phlogiston that would flow into and out of matter and was driven out when something was burned• In 1783 this theory was replaced by the “caloric” theory, which proposed that:• Heat was a weightless fluid (called caloric, not heat)• Caloric was transferred, not consumed• The total quantity of caloric in the universe was constant• Earlier (1600), philosopher/scientist/theologian/politician Francis Bacon had come much closer to our modern definition:• “Heat itself, its essence and quiddity is motion and nothing else”• Bacon is credited as the father of the modern scientific method• Daniel Bernoulli developed the kinetic theory of gases in 1738, which proposed that gas consists of a very large number of molecules, and that “heat” is simply the total kinetic energy of these molecules• Modern definition:• Heat is the type of energy that is transferred due to a temperature difference or that is generated by frictionOk, so it changed the world, but nowadays we use cell phones and the internet and stuff, so do we really need to waste our time learning about this?What is the retail value of annual US electricity?A. $428B. $428 millionC. $428 billionD. $4.28 trillion$428$428 million$428 billion$4.28 trillion0%0%0%0%Cost of one barrel of crude oilWhat is the approximate cost of all the oil consumed by the US in 2010?A. $500 millionB. $2 billionC. $700 billionD. $7 trillion$500 million$2 billion$700 billion$7 trillion25%25%25%25%Industry comparison• Retail value of electricity produced in the US - $ 428 billion/yr• Value of all US consumed crude oil (2010 data) - $ 700 billion/yr• Gross output of all US farming - $ 374 billion/yr• Global revenue from smartphones - $ 265 billion/yr• Microsoft total revenue - $ 78 billion/yr• Apple total revenue - $ 171 billion/yr• Samsung total revenue - $ 217 billion/yr• Google total revenue - $ 66 billion/yr• US healthcare spending (from forbes.com) – $3,830 billion/yr…Data taken from statista.com and is from 2014 unless noted otherwiseFrom wikipediaEnergy is the foundation of modern society• Power plants• Use some form of fuel to produce heat• That heat is used to produce mechanical work• That mechanical work is used to drive a generator to produce electricity (electrical work)• Internal combustion engines• Use some form of fuel to produce heat• That heat is used to produce mechanical work• That mechanical work:• Causes the car to accelerate• Drives a pump to pump water out of a well• Drives a mill, drill, saw, or any industrial processBut how, exactly, does heat produce work?• … and how can we do it even better?• These are the questions that drove the development of the field of thermodynamics, but fundamental laws of nature were uncovered/discovered in the process, which gives us plenty to study!Analyzing a power plant from a thermodynamics perspective3520 MW electrical output11 million tons of coal per year consumed268,000 gallons of water circulated per minute in the cooling tower50,000 gallons of water circulated per minute through the boiler/turbine/condenserInternal Combustion Engine from a thermodynamics perspective• Ferrari F140 FE engine• 12 cylinders• 4-stroke operation• Engine dimensions• Bore = 94mm• Stroke = 75.2 mm• Compression ratio = 13.5• But how is this power produced?Summary• Energy is the foundation of modern society• The ability to convert thermal energy into work is what enabled the industrial revolution• Energy and energy production are some of the largest industries in the world• Power plants and internal combustion engines are two prime applications of Thermodynamics that we all use every day• By the end of this course, you should be capable of analyzing these devices (and more) using principles of