Department of Physiology Fall 2015 PSIO 201 Human Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Study Guide Exam format The final exam is cumulative and optional. The final exam will consist of 40 multiple choice questions (4 points per question). There will be 10 questions covering the integration lectures and 30 questions covering the rest of material presented in this class with an emphasis on the objectives listed below. The final exam will include new exam questions rather than repeating questions from previous exams. The final exam score can replace the score for one of the four regular exams in this course. The top four scores will count towards the student’s final grade (there is no penalty for taking the final exam). Objectives for final exam (30 questions from blocks 1, 2, 3, 4) Block 1: Introduction and Cellular Function 1. Define homeostasis and describe the elements that comprise a feedback loop. Identify a representative example of a positive vs. a negative feedback loop, and explain why one category is called ‘positive’ and the other is called ‘negative.’ 2. Compare and contrast the structural elements of integral and peripheral membrane proteins that influence their interaction with membranes; include the concepts of ‘lipophilicity’ vs. ‘hydrophilicity’ or, alternatively, ‘non-polar vs. polar.’ Explain why the amphipathic structure of phospholipids and integral membrane proteins is important in establishing stable membrane structure. 3. Define osmosis. Predict the direction of net osmotic water flow. Compare and contrast the concepts of osmolarity and tonicity. 4. Compare and contrast the characteristics that distinguish passive diffusion from carrier‐mediated transport; include a discussion of two diagnostic characteristics of carrier‐mediated transport. 5. Compare and contrast the characteristics of facilitated diffusion and active transport. 6. Compare and contrast the characteristics of primary and secondary active transport. 7. List the categories of vesicular transport and describe a representative example of each.Department of Physiology Fall 2015 8. Describe the function of the following cell structures: cytoskeleton; mitochondria; nucleus; smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes and peroxisomes. 9. Compare and contrast the characteristics of ATP production by oxidative vs. anaerobic (i.e., glycolytic) metabolism. 10. Compare and contrast the characteristics and functional significance of transcription and translation. Block 2: The Skeletal System 1. List and describe the functions of the 4 cell types found in bone. 2. Discuss modeling and remodeling of bone. 3. List the components of the matrix of bone and describe how each component contributes to the bone's strength. 4. Describe the differences between compact and spongy bone in terms of location, function, and composition. 5. Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone (the osteon) and understand the purpose of its organization. 6. Describe how the presence of an epiphyseal plate facilitates the lengthening of bones. 7. Describe the process of appositional growth and the role of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts in changing bone diameter, cortical width and medullary cavity size. 8. Describe the roles of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in the regulation of blood calcium. 9. Describe the vitamin D pathway, and the role of calcitriol in calcium homeostasis. 10. Describe the steps in fracture repair. 11. Describe how exercise can affect bone mass. 12. Describe the skeletal disorders that arise from abnormal levels of human growth hormone. 13. Describe the shoulder, elbow, and knee joint bone features and ligaments or tendons as discussed. 14. Describe the bone features of the temporomandibular joint and the articulation of ribs with vertebrae. 15. List and describe the 3 functional classifications of articulations. 16. Describe the basic components of a synovial joint.Department of Physiology Fall 2015 Block 3: The Muscular System 1. Describe the major structural and contractile elements of a muscle fiber, and describe the function of each element. 2. Describe the function of major contractile, structural and regulatory proteins found in a muscle fiber. 3. Describe the sliding filament model, the contraction cycle and rigor mortis. 4. List in order the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction leading to the electrical stimulation of a skeletal muscle fiber. 5. Discuss the role of calcium in the regulation of contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle. Explain how calcium provides the link between the electrical activation of muscle fibers and initiation of the contraction cycle. 6. Compare and contrast the characteristics of a muscle twitch and tetanic contraction. Describe the development of tetanus in terms of temporal summation. 7. Define a motor unit and discuss it in the context of spatial summation. 8. Describe the 'size principle' in the context of development of increased tension during a voluntary muscle contraction. 9. Describe the strategies used to increase force in the muscle including increasing motor unit recruitment, frequency of activation and the length of muscle at the beginning of a contraction. 10. Compare and contrast the size, force-generating capabilities and metabolic characteristics of fast fibers (FG), slow fibers (SO), and intermediate fibers (FOG). 11. Define hypertrophy and atrophy in the context of muscle physiology. 12. Describe the several substrate and/or metabolic sources of ATP used to support muscle contraction and the approximate length of time each is capable of sustaining contraction. 13. Compare and contrast the characteristics of glycolytic (anaerobic) and mitochondrial (aerobic; oxidative) energy metabolism. 14. Discuss the Cori cycle and basis of the O2 debt 15. Compare and contrast cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. 16. Compare and contrast smooth muscle and skeletal muscle. Block 4: The Nervous System and the Senses 1. Describe the function of the structures found in the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and diencephalon as discussed in lecture. 2. Describe the function of the structures found in the spinal cord as described in lecture.Department of Physiology Fall 2015 3. Describe the stimulus, wiring and response for the stretch reflex, tendon reflex, flexor reflex and crossed extensor reflex. 4. Describe the differences between the somatic and