Your Turn: Case StudySlide 2Your Turn: Case Study (Continued)ATP and EnergyATP Synthesis and HydrolysisATP is Used for Energy TransferSlide 7Muscular and Nervous System w/ ATPYour Turn: Case Study (Continued)The Cell CycleMitosisQuestion: What would happen if Patrick lacked ATP?Question: What would happen if Patrick lacked ATP?Your Turn: Case Study (Continued)EnzymesEnzymes are Biological CatalystsEnzyme-Catalyzed ReactionSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Enzyme Regulation and ControlAllosteric Control of Enzyme ActivityYour Turn: Case Study (Continued)Transcription/TranslationGenetic CodeYour Turn: Case Study (Continued)Your Turn: Case Study (Continued)Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Case Study: DNA mutations disrupting metabolic pathwaysYour Turn: Case Study (Continued)ReplicationSlide 35Slide 36Patrick suffered from lactate acidosisWhat happened to Patrick?Your Turn: Case Study (Continued)Question: Why did Patrick become paralyzed?Question: Why did Patrick become paralyzed?Are there any treatment options for PDH deficiency?Slide 43Slide 44What happened to Patrick?Topics that were not covered?Topics that were not coveredYour Turn: Case Study•Meet Patrick at 2:•Patient History: •At 16, his hands began twitching uncontrollably•Five months later, he fell down the steps of his home and could not get up. He was pulled into the ER. •Diagnosed with a demyelinating disease (neurological disease where the neuron coating breaks down) and paralysis•Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs and antibodies to no availPrediction: What could be a cause to Patrick’s paralysis? Discuss why.A. Lack of EnergyB. Muscle ImpairmentC. Neurological DisorderD. Any of the aboveYour Turn: Case Study (Continued)•Discuss:•What is the fundamental unit of energy in the body? •What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?•Where does this fundamental unit of energy come from?ATP and EnergyAdenosine triphosphate (ATP)•Is the energy form stored in cells. •Is obtained from the oxidation of food.•Consists of adenine (nitrogen base), a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.ATP Synthesis and HydrolysisATP is an energy transporter because its production from ADP requires an input of energy that is then released wherever the reverse reaction occurs. ATP + H2O ADP + P➝i ΔG = –7.3 kcal/molADP + Pi ATP + H➝2O ΔG = +7.3 kcal/molATP is Used for Energy TransferRemoval of one phosphate group from ATP by hydrolysis produces adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The reaction is exothermic; it releases energy (7.3 kcal/mol).7Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)This bond is easy to break and requires energy!Hydrolysisof ATPH2OFormation of these new bonds releases energyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP)Inorganicphosphate (Pi)H HMuscular and Nervous System w/ ATP•ATP required for muscular contractions•ATP required for nerve interactionsYour Turn: Case Study (Continued)•Discuss:•Why are Neurons considered to be in G0?•What are the steps of interphase and the details within each stage?•Draw the steps of mitosis if you had 1 pair of homologous chromosomesThe Cell CycleMitosisQuestion: What would happen if Patrick lacked ATP?A. Muscles would spasm uncontrollably giving you a cramp. B. Nervous system would be unable to send signals.C. Muscles would be unable to contract and eventually wither away.D. B and CE. All the aboveQuestion: What would happen if Patrick lacked ATP?A. Muscles would spasm uncontrollably giving you a cramp. B. Nervous system would be unable to send signals.C. Muscles would be unable to contract and eventually wither away.D. B and CE. All the aboveYour Turn: Case Study (Continued)•Discuss:•Where is ATP generated from?•What are biological catalysts called? •How do these biological catalysts play a role in ATP generation?EnzymesEnzymes are proteins that serve as biological catalysts for reactions in all living organisms.•They increase the rate of a reaction (106 to 1012 times faster), but are unchanged themselves.•Enzymes are very specific; each enzyme catalyzes a certain reaction or type of reaction only.•The names of most enzymes end with the suffix “-ase” like peptidase, lipase, and hydrolase.•A cofactor is a metal ion or an organic molecule needed for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to occur.Enzymes are Biological CatalystsAs catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of reaction by lowering the energy of activation. They change the pathway of a reaction.The enzyme is not consumed in the reaction.Enzyme-Catalyzed ReactionIn an enzyme-catalyzed reaction,•a substrate attaches to the active site•an enzyme–substrate (ES) complex forms•reaction occurs and products are released•an enzyme (E) is used over and overE + S ES E + PQuestion: Enzymes are required by all living things because enzymes:A. Raise the free energy of chemical reactionsB. Properly orient reactants and lower activation energiesC. Increase the temperature of reacting moleculesD. Increase the number of reacting moleculesE. None of the aboveQuestion: Enzymes are required by all living things because enzymes:A. Raise the free energy of chemical reactionsB. Properly orient reactants and lower activation energiesC. Increase the temperature of reacting moleculesD. Increase the number of reacting moleculesE. None of the aboveQuestion: Since increasing the temperature increase the reaction rate, why can’t this method be used to accelerate enzyme catalyzed reactions:A. Raising the temperature causes the reaction to occur too quicklyB. Raising the temperature does not sufficiently lower the activation energy barrier C. Heat changes the shape of the proteinD. Heat does not increase the probability of molecular collisionsQuestion: Since increasing the temperature increase the reaction rate, why can’t this method be used to accelerate enzyme catalyzed reactions:A. Raising the temperature causes the reaction to occur too quicklyB. Raising the temperature does not sufficiently lower the activation energy barrier C. Heat changes the shape of the proteinD. Heat does not increase the probability of molecular collisionsEnzyme Regulation and Control•Any process that starts or increases the action of an enzyme is an activation.•Any process that slows or stops the action of an enzyme is an inhibition.•Enzyme activation and inhibition are central to regulating numerous cellular and physiological processes.•Enzyme inhibition is also used a strategy to treat disease, as many drug targets are