Slide 1Slide 2Ethical PrinciplesBeneficence & NonmaleficenceCost-Benefit BalanceEthical PrinciplesJusticeEthical PrinciplesRespect for People’s Rights & DignityEthical PrinciplesFidelity & ResponsibilityEthical PrinciplesIntegrityAPA StandardsStandard 8: Research & Publication8.01: Institutional ApprovalSlide 178.02: Informed Consent8.05: Dispensing with Informed ConsentETHICAL GUIDELINESThe needs of society determine its ethics.~ Maya Angelou 1•Survey of incidents psychologists found ethically challenging or troubling •N = 679 •703 incidents in past 2 years2Ethical Principles•Beneficence (& Nonmaleficence)•Cost-benefit analysis for participants•Cost-benefit analysis for society3Beneficence & Nonmaleficence 4Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm. In their professional actions, psychologists seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected persons, and the welfare of animal subjects of research. When conflicts occur among psychologists’ obligations or concerns, they attempt to resolve these conflicts in a responsible fashion that avoids or minimizes harm. Because psychologists’ scientific and professional judgments and actions may affect the lives of others, they are alert to and guard against personal, financial, social, organizational, or political factors that might lead to misuse of their influence. Psychologists strive to be aware of the possible effect of their own physical and mental health on their ability to help those with whom they work.Cost-Benefit BalanceLow HighLowHighDo the studyDon’t do the studyDo the study?Do the study?Risk to ParticipantsBenefit to SocietyEthical Principles•Justice•Participants of a study should represent those who will benefit from the study6Justice7Psychologists recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures and services being conducted by psychologists. Psychologists exercise reasonable judgment and take precautions to ensure that their potential biases, the boundaries of their competence and the limitations of their expertise do not lead to or condone unjust practices.Ethical Principles•Respect for Persons/People’s Rights & Dignity•Informed consent•Protection of vulnerable populations8Respect for People’s Rights & Dignity9Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. Psychologists are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making. Psychologists are aware of and respect cultural, individual and role differences, including those based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language and socioeconomic status and consider these factors when working with members of such groups. Psychologists try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone activities of others based upon such prejudices.Ethical Principles•Fidelity & Responsibility•Multiple relationships•Holding a professional relationship with a person while simultaneously holding either a different role or a personal relationship with that individual•Use of position in a responsible fashion10Fidelity & Responsibility11Psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work. They are aware of their professional and scientific responsibilities to society and to the specific communities in which they work. Psychologists uphold professional standards of conduct, clarify their professional roles and obligations, accept appropriate responsibility for their behavior and seek to manage conflicts of interest that could lead to exploitation or harm. Psychologists consult with, refer to, or cooperate with other professionals and institutions to the extent needed to serve the best interests of those with whom they work. They are concerned about the ethical compliance of their colleagues' scientific and professional conduct. Psychologists strive to contribute a portion of their professional time for little or no compensation or personal advantage.Ethical Principles•Integrity•Accuracy, Honesty, & Truthfulness•Responsible use of deception12Integrity13Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty and truthfulness in the science, teaching and practice of psychology. In these activities psychologists do not steal, cheat or engage in fraud, subterfuge or intentional misrepresentation of fact. Psychologists strive to keep their promises and to avoid unwise or unclear commitments. In situations in which deception may be ethically justifiable to maximize benefits and minimize harm, psychologists have a serious obligation to consider the need for, the possible consequences of, and their responsibility to correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from the use of such techniques.APA Standards•Standard 1: Resolving Ethical Issues•Standard 2: Competence•Standard 3: Human Relations•Standard 4: Privacy & Confidentiality•Standard 5: Advertising & Other Public Statements•Standard 6: Record Keeping & Fees•Standard 7: Education & Training•Standard 8: Research & Publication•Standard 9: Assessment•Standard 10: Therapy14Standard 8: Research & Publication•8.01 Institutional Approval•8.02 Informed Consent to Research•8.03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research •8.04 Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants•8.05 Dispensing With Informed Consent for Research•8.06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation•8.07 Deception in Research•8.08 Debriefing•8.09 Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research•8.10 Reporting Research Results•8.11 Plagiarism•8.12 Publication Credit•8.13 Duplicate Publication of Data•8.14 Sharing Research Data for Verification•8.15 Reviewers158.01: Institutional Approval•Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)•From the National Research Act of 1974•Federally regulated•Members: scientists, nonscientists, someone not affiliated with institution (community member)•Main goal: protect human