Slide 1Frequency Distribution TablesClassesClassesFrequency Distribution TablesFrequency Distribution GraphsFrequency Distribution GraphsFrequency Distribution GraphsFrequency Distribution GraphsFrequency Distribution GraphsFrequency Distribution GraphsFrequency Distribution GraphsBad GraphsBad GraphsBad GraphsBad GraphsFrequency Distribution of HumorShape of a Frequency DistributionShape of a Frequency DistributionShape of a Frequency DistributionShape of a Frequency DistributionShape of a Frequency DistributionFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS1Frequency Distribution TablesX f8 37 46 55 44 32X1 = 6 X2 = 7 X3 = 4X4 = 6 X5 = 8 X6 = 8X7 = 6 X8 = 5 X9 = 7X10 = 4 X11 = 5 X12 = 7X13 = 6 X14 = 4X15 = 7X16 = 5X17 = 6 X18 = 5X19 = 8•X = score on a measure•f = frequency of occurrence•Class: each possible score (or groups of scores)ClassesX f8 37 46 55 44 33•Discrete values•Only occur in whole numbers (integers)•Continuous values•Any possible amount•Includes decimals/fractions•Real limits•Range of possible values•Midpoint•Middlemost value of a class2limitupper limitlower MidClasses4X f25 124 023 022 021 020 219 018 017 016 215 114 013 012 011 110 79 18 47 46 95 94 53 1•Grouping values into Classes•Number of classes•5-10•Class width•Equal widths•No gaps/overlaps•Easy to work with number (e.g., 2, 5, 10, 25)•Approximately the range divide by number of classes (rounded up to the next integer)•Real limits•Lower limit•Use a multiple of the width for the first lower limit•Add the width to find the next lower limit•Upper limit•One unit smaller than the following lower limitclasses ofnumber minmaxClassWidthFrequency Distribution Tables5•Cumulative frequency•Number of scores that fall at or below a given class•Relative frequency•Proportion of scores that falls within a given classX f Cumulative f Relative f8 3 19 .167 4 16 .216 5 12 .265 4 7 .214 3 3 .16nff  RelativeFrequency Distribution Graphs•Histograms•Quantitative data•Polygon•Quantitative data•Bar Graphs•Qualitative data63-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 18-20 21-23 24-26024681012141618Number of TP SquaresFrequencyFrequency Distribution Graphs•Histograms7X f24-26 121-23 018-20 215-17 312-14 0 9-11 96-8 173-5 153-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 18-20 21-23 24-26024681012141618Number of TP SquaresFrequencyFrequency Distribution Graphs•Polygons8X f24-26 121-23 018-20 215-17 312-14 0 9-11 96-8 173-5 153-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 18-20 21-23 24-2600.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.4Number of TP SquaresFrequency3-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 18-20 21-23 24-2600.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.4Number of TP SquaresFrequencyX fRelative f24-26 1.0221-23 0.0018-20 2.0415-17 3.0612-14 0.00 9-11 9 .196-8 17 .363-5 15 .32Frequency Distribution Graphs93-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 18-20 21-23 24-2601020304050Number of TP SquaresFrequency3-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 18-20 21-23 24-2601020304050Number of TP SquaresFrequencyX fCumulative f 24-26 14721-23 04618-20 24615-17 34412-14 041 9-11 9 416-8 17 323-5 15 15Frequency Distribution Graphs10Frequency Distribution Graphs•Bar Graphs11Have you ever thrown out all your different pairs of socks/underwear, bought a bunch of replacements that were all one kind, and then told all your friends how great it was and how they should do it too?X f“Yes”3“No”23“I did the throwing out thing, but didn’t talk to everyone about it”17“No, but I’m totally doing that now”8Yes No I did... No, but...0510152025ResponseFrequencyFrequency Distribution Graphs•Bar Graphs12X f Rela. f Cumu. fYes3 .06 ?No23 .45 ?I did...17 .33 ?No, but...8 .16 ?Yes No I did... No, but...00.10.20.30.40.5ResponseFrequencyBad Graphs13Bad Graphs14Bad Graphs15Bad Graphs16Frequency Distribution of HumorSchmidt (1994) conducted a series of experiments examining the effects of humor on memory. In one study, participants were shown a list of sentences, of which half were humorous and half were nonhumorous. A humorous example is “if at first you don’t succeed, you are probably not related to the boss.”. A nonhumorous example is “People who are related to the boss often succeed the very first time”. Schmidt then measured the number of each type of sentence recalled by each participant.Humorous: 4, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 5, 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 4, 6, 3, 5Nonhumorous: 5, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4, 1, 3, 5, 2, 6, 3, 3ScoreFrequencyShape of a Frequency Distribution18MeanMedianMode•Normal DistributionBell CurveShape of a Frequency Distribution19•Normal DistributionShape of a Frequency Distribution•Non-Normal Distribution•Skewness•The tendency of scores to pile up toward one end of the scale and taper off gradually at the other end20Shape of a Frequency Distribution•Non-Normal Distribution•Modality•More than one peak (mode)21Shape of a Frequency Distribution•Non-Normal Distribution•Kurtosis•How flat or peaked the distribution is•Based on the size of the standard deviation22Normal