Pg 56 o Sheep Diseases Urinary Calculi similar to kidney stones ratio of Ca P incorrect solid forms in bladder and clog urethra Overeating dies really quickly caused by bacteria C Perfringens reproduce and proliferate with readily digestible carbs Filiform appendage tube at end of penis usually where the clog of solids is it is normally used to ejaculate over opening of cervix not necessary to have Pg 59 o Market Classes and Grades Describe what we are buying and selling accurately o Large frame 1 OKIE steer no Brahman influence large thick heavy muscle steer o Look at cannon bone and forearm to determine potential o Grade choice benchmark for eating quality and palatability o Large steer 1200 lbs o Small frame matures faster o Large frame steer medium frame steer and large frame heifer Which has yield grade of 1 Large frame steer leaner o Heifers mature faster and then start getting more fat and grow wider o Yield amount of boneless closely trimmed retail cuts o Yield grade 1 50 more lean product more efficient o Yield grade 5 more wasted fatter o YG for cattle adjusted fat thickness REA KPH carcass weight o Carcass weight tells us how large cuts are o Average carcass weight shoot for 600 pounds o Todays average carcass weighs 900 pounds PROBLEM Pg 65 o REA indicator of muscularity muscles are proportional in the body LD used to measure muscle in REA o Don t have to do beef yield grade o Whole sale cuts on beef round chuck loin rib Valued different support muscles loin rib are worth more than round or chuck o Adj fat thickness 38 3 8 and then add 0 4 4 2 Yield grade 4 do not round o Lamb neck loin rack shoulder o Pork ham loin Boston butt picnic shoulder Need muscle score last rib back fat Last rib back fat 1 muscle score 1 light muscled opposite of beef 1X4 4 1 3 YG o Monogastrics skin stays on it feed stay on higher dressing o Ruminant animals bigger stomach hide or pelt comes off feet come off decrease dressing o Lamb increase dressing by adding more FAT cannot add more muscle Need some fat must have marbling last thing deposited must have fat prevents cooler shrinkage insolation on the carcass Benchmark choice marbling age Beef carcass age spineous process buttons rip down middle two identical halves Young no ossification lean is red A Middle age little bit of ossification color darkening B Old ossification dark could never grade prime or choice don t want consumer to have bad eating quality BC line once cross into C maturity cant prime or choice Age in lamb break and spool joint Age in pork harvested young Gilts leaner than barrow different from the rest because we harvest them early USDA federal inspection is federally mandated True Feedlot cattle problem with acidosis liver abscesses lose value Feed low levels of antibiotics to protect animal from bacteria getting away and causing abscesses Inbreeding breed closely related animals together homozygous gene pairs confident trait will be passed on more likely to breed true negative lose growth and production and reproduction traits lose hardiness EPD Expected Progeny Differences o Records measurements identification in sheep want to know if they are multiples o Muscle and growth rates highly heritable o Look weaning weight yearling weight rib eye scores birth rate Bull to breed to first class heifer Want low birth rate All three same weaning weight use ACCURACY to break tie Accuracy tells you how much confidence you can have in that bull Accuracy tells us repeatability Look at daughters of bulls and look at maternal weaning weight in order to pick bull to raise replacement females Maternal weaning weight combination of milking and genetics Maternal milk how much she can produce want to optimize milk production in moderate frame size cow when not enough rain inputs are going to be low small to medium frame