- Page 54:o Spanish goats came over with early explorers “walking Wal-Mart,” could pack a lot on a boat, produced everything you need (wool, milk, meat); Sheep and goats have a spiral colon!!! (Can go a long time without water, retain water in body a long time)o Lost wool and mohair incentive (wasn’t in need in type of clothing being made), not getting good price on mohairo Boer goat breed to all to Boer goat, which caused a HUGE decrease in mohair goats (Spanish Boer cross)o Sheep’s and goats operations in arid and semi arid lando Rye grass (95%) water can be left in back pasture with no water for weekso Water needs depend on what they are eating!!o Need sheep herders, can’t leave them no fenceso Sheep like weeds, goats like browseo Used to run all species together to be environmentally friendly use all the lando Nannies raised for meato Changes in industry making hair sheep more popular, farm flock more popular (taxes go down if you raise animals on property)o Population centers closer to markets- Page 55:o Texas #1 leading state in sheep and goatso Lower lamb production in range sheepo Survival of fittest problems with predators if people start going out of sheep/goat businesso #1 predatorferal hog ***o Haemonchus Controtus internal parasites are a big problem where there is lots of grass!! (Barber pole worm red and white stripes, red blood, white are eggs)o Guard animals used to protect sheep and goats (great big white dogs)o China is the leader in world wool and sheep numbers (cold, wet, cheap labor, communist country)o Small farm flock opposite of range production (more intensively managed, fed more, more labor, need more lambs on the ground, oriented towards strictly lamb production, more opportunities for wool contamination)o Dogs are main culprits in farm flock operationso Do gooders took grazing sheep of land huge increase in number of fires bc sheep kept the weeds downo Great pyranese soldier on patrol walking parameter to protect animal (bark)- Page 56:o Feedlot: High concentration diets (grain/corn) #1 lamb feedlots Colorado *** ***Major disease- Overeating: caused by C. Perfringens (only way to prevent it is vaccinate them or never feed them grain; bacteria is happy when it gets highly digestible bacteria)- Urinary calculi primarily in goats, don’t get enough calcium in their diets, want 2:1 ratio of calcium to phosphorus (solids form and filiform appendage (tube on end of penis) shoots like firehouse and clogs in urethra, to make sure only strong sperm only gets to end sheep have a crooked cervix) like a kidney stone!!o Increase in Demand: South is too cold for marketing in industry All consumer have a different desired product Chicken breast order- 4 to 6 weeks Steak order- 12 months Lamb/goat different populations, different productso 2000’s ewe lamb retention program stabilizing #- Page 57:o Farrow-finish vertical integration (copied poultry industry), own everything from conception to consumption!!! o Farrow-wean selling baby pigs, weans at 21 days and rebreeds sowo Feeder operations buys feeder pigs from farrow-wean, feeds out until ready to harvesto Farrow-finish  More biosecurity than any hospital in US in feeder operations ***NBA Number born alive Weaning weight and NBA are what is worried about!! California outlawed use of gestation crates (pens where you keep sows) If left to there own choice, pig would go in a stall due to less stress getting rid of stalls caused more problems in animal well fare- Page 58:o Poultry: Vertical Integration** own everything!! - Grow out farms (Sanderson farms example) tell them everything they need to know to grow them on their farm- Page 44:o Beef industry under fire due to hamburgerso 50% of beef consumed is ground beef (a lot of surface area and a lot of room for contaminationprovides a source of nutrition) o More people killed each year because of dairy products and you don’t hear much news about it, humans need to be smart- Page 45:o HACCP**** Every food operation must have a plan Hazard analysis if there is going to be a problem, where is it going to happen? Copied from NASA Identify anything that can be a problem (think ahead) Physical glass #1 problem processors worry about in meat birdshot*** (people shoot cows) Biological e coli, bacteria Chemical China added product to dog food, it was toxic to dogs- Grades o Cattle are heterogeneouso Grades take heterogeneous population and bring it down into small homogeneous groups- Protein sold based on quality type attributes- Grades quality grading/ yield gradingo Quality of protein and cutability- **Market classes and grades are designed to accurately describe livestock that is being sold**o Nomenclature allows for communication between countrieso Makes sales understandable by all parties***o Case ready products Wal-Mart has solely case ready previously packaged, take out of box and put in a caseo **Provides descriptive terms for understanding of different groups or buyers- Changes in Marketingo Whole carcass sells boxed products Smaller increments, easier to consume, easier to sell Most consumers to consume every single part of the beef carcasso Online sales Places like NY have online sales, send protein to homeo Advertising sells everything- Market Classeso **Groups of animals separated according to use Slaughter Feeder Bred Heifers Pairso Subclasses: Age, Sex, Weight- Gradeso **Designed to group animals according to relative merit within a market classo Relative merit certain prices we can give particular animal, quality grade (palatability-overall consumer appeal/experience/taste)o Cutability ratio of lean, bone, fat- Feeder Cattleo Three frame sizes (small, medium, large)**o Large frame size Charolais, Brahman, see issues with birth and growth characteristicso Muscle thickness (1,2,3,4)- Feeder Pigso US utility Pale, soft, exudated pork (not acceptable) PSE Blotchy skin (white), muscle texture is soft, losing all water/purgemust have all of these characteristics to be PSE (will be extremely dry when consumed) Dark, firm, and dry lean dark, appears dry better eating experience than normal pork has a high water capacity- Feeder Cattle Gradeso Cattle today ~1300-1400 poundso Weights have increased in past