CHEM 113 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 36-40Lecture 36 (April 22)What is the “buffer range”? “Buffer capacity”?The buffer range is the pH range over which the buffer is effective. The buffer capacity is the measure of the “strength” of the buffer, or its ability to maintain the pH following the addition of an acid or base.How do the concentrations of buffer components affect its ability to maintain pH?The greater the concentration of components, the greater the capacity of a buffer to resist pH changes. The closer the component concentrations are to each other, the greater the buffer capacity.How can you determine the limited solubility of insoluble compounds?By looking at the Ksp, or solubility product, to see how much of the solid will dissociate completely.Lecture 37 (April 24)What are the differences between Qsp and Ksp?Qsp is calculated at a particular point in the reaction, whereas Ksp is calculated at equilibrium.How can you tell when a system is at equilibrium based on Qsp and Ksp?When Qsp=Ksp.Lecture 38 (April 27)What is the relationship between Ksp and solubility?The higher the Ksp value, the greater the solubility.How does the pH affect solubility?The changes in pH affect compounds that are conjugates of weak acids, but not conjugates of strong acids. Lowering the pH of these compounds will increase solubility.How can precipitate formation be predicted using Ksp and Qsp?If Qsp=Ksp, the solution is saturated and no change will occur. If Qsp>Ksp, a precipitate will formuntil he remaining solution is saturated. If Qsp<Ksp, no precipitate will form because the solution is unsaturated.Lecture 39 (April 29)What is the difference between a Lewis acid and a Lewis base?Lewis acids accept a pair of electrons and usually have an empty orbital available for those electrons. Lewis bases donate a pair of electrons, usually a lone pair on one atom.How does the acidity of a transition metal solution affect its solubility?Transition metals are more soluble in acidic solutions than in basic solutions.What is electrochemistry?Electrochemistry is the chemistry of redox (reduction and oxidation) reactions.Lecture 40 (May 4)What is the difference between reduction and oxidation?Reduction is the gain of electrons on a molecule whereas oxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduction results in an increase in the oxidation number, and oxidation results in the decrease of an oxidation number.What are some of the steps in the half-reaction method for redox reactions?Divide the reaction into two half-reactions: and oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction. Balance the atoms and charges on each side (O first, then H). Balance the number of e- on each side of the equations. Ass the balanced equations back together.How is the half-reaction different when dealing with basic solutions?In basic solutions, you need to add the same amount of OH- ions to both sides of the equation as the amount of H+ ions
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