ANT 102 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Final ExamAnthropology Exam 3 Study GuideDating MethodsRelative Dating: Stratigraphy, Fluorine Analysis, Biostratigraphy and PaleomagnetismStratigraphy: study of the sequential layering of geological deposits; lower stratum is older than a higher stratumFluorine analysis: relative dating method that applies to bones found in the ground, the longer the bone is in the ground the more fluorine it will have absorbed.Biostratigraphy: relative dating method; uses the presence of certain fossil species of known age to calibrate the age of a site.Paleomagnetism: relative dating method - relies on determining the orientation of magnetic particles in rocks to cross check other dating techniques.Absolute dating: a method of assigning a precise historical date to periods and objects, based on known and recorded events in the region as well as technically extracted physical evidence.Places of InterestLaetoli: Australopithecus footprints were found here showing that they walk upright.Olduvai: showed increased developmental and social complexities in hominids.Hadar, Ethiopia: 3.9 – 2.3 mya, Lucy the skeleton (Australopithecus afarensis female) was found here.Koobi Fora (East Lake Turkana): most remains date to 1.8 mya with some datingback to 3.3 mya, richest assemblage of Plio-Pleistocene hominids Africa, 150 hominid species recovered, over 100 individuals representedWest Turkana: found two important discoveries- a nearly complete Homo erectus adolescent (1.6 mya), the “Black Skull” found very well preserved, 2.4 million years old, caused major reevaluation of Plio-Pleistocene evolutionSkhul: One of the earlier discoveries of modern humans.La Chapelle-aux-Saints: One of the most important Neanderthal discoveries comes from here - extremely robust Neanderthal was found.Cro-Magnon: Best known sample of western European Homo sapiens was found here - first early human discovery.Qafzeh: One of the earlier discoveries of modern humans.Zhoukoudian: cave system in Beijing, China, location of early Homo erectus discoveries, peking manFlores Islands/Liang Bua Cave: May have been a late surviving population of erectus like humans on these islands.Tool Technology/Cultural AdvancementsOldowan pebble tools: Earliest stone tool industry in prehistoryAcheulian Hand axe: large chipped stone objects which represent the oldest and longest used formally shaped working tool ever used by human beings.Levallois: tool making technique that required several complex and coordinated steps used to control flake size and shape of tool/blade makingMousterian: Numerous flakes could be produced from the same core. Flakes were made into knives, blades, etc.Upper Paleolithic Technologies: Appearance of new tool types and increased useof materials such as bone, ivory, and antler. -Chatelperronian: earliest industry of upper Paleolithic -Aurignacian-Gravettian: culture of upper Paleolithic-Solutrean: industry of the upper Paleolithic - advanced flint tool making style - Magdalenian: Later culture of upper Paleolithic - Atlatl: Spear thrower - appeared during magdelnan - uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart throwing. - Cave PaintingBipedal AdaptationAdvantages: freeing of hands from locomotion. Providing better predator detection. Reducing the thermal load on the body.Structural Changes: Pelvic changes, repositioned foramen magnum, spinal curvature increased, lengthening of the hind limb, inward angling of the femur, development of longitudinal arch of the foot, realignment of the big toe.Models of TransitionComplete Replacement Model: modern populations arose in Africa, emerged in the last 200,000 years, and began to replace the archaic populations in Europe and AsiaPartial Replacement Model: Modern humans expanded out of Africa but there was interbreeding among modern humans and regional premodern populations, H.sapiens gradually dispersed out of South Africa into Eurasia, interbred with premodern populations, and eventually replaced themRegional Continuity Model: premodern forms throughout the old world evolved into modern humans, similarities are due to gene flow between archaic populations,this model denies that earlier H. sapiens populations originated exclusively in AfricaHominids Orrorin tugenensis: lived 6 mya, one of earliest human ancestors, were about thesize of a chimpanzee with small teeth that had thick enamel similar to modern H. sapiens, from its femur we can see bone buildup showing they walked upright but still climbed in treesArdipithecus ramidus: Ardi specimen is an example, the pelvis showed adaptions that combined tree climbing and bipedal activity, lived in Eastern Africa (Middle Awash and Gona, Ethiopia)Australopithecus anamensis: Earliest Australopithecus remains. Indicative remains of bipedalism. Retain primitive characteristics.Australopithecus afarensis: Hominids from Laetoli and Hadar (Lucy skeleton), most primitive member of Australopithecus. Primitive dental and cranial features and bipedal Australopithecus garhi: gracile, small brain, larger teethAustralopithecus boisei: robust australopithecine, was discovered at Omo, Ethiopia, have been dated to 2.3 to 1.2 mya, have several features in common with robust South African forms- anterior dentition is reduced, the molars and premolars are large, enamel is thick, and the mandible is largeAustralopithecus africanus: South African hominid. More hominid like than hominoid like.Homo habilis: a species of early human believed to be a transitional species between australopithecines and H. erectus, walked bipedally but was still partly arborealHomo erectus/ergaster: somewhat controversial, has a smaller brow ridge, a smaller area for muscle insertion on the occipital, cranium is thinner East African Homo erectus: thinner cranial bones than fossils in Asia, some argueAfrican and Asian erectus finds are separate species, African and Asian populations are separated over one million yearsHomo floresiensis: Found in Flores, E. of Java small-bodied, small brained, thickness of cranium like Homo erectus 417 ccEarly Archaic Homo sapiens: some populations of Homo erectus continued to evolve and take transitional forms between H. erectus and H. sapiens, middle Pleistocene hominid material is difficult to classify but all specimens are classified as Homo sapiens, there is variation and they are geographically wide spreadHomo Neanderthalensis: 130-35 kya, discovered near Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856, expanded