Ant 102 Exam 1 Study GuideChapter 11.__H___Cultural Anthropology2.__B___Linguistic Anthropology3.__G___Anthropology4.__I___Archaeology5.__E___Physical Anthropology6.__L___Paleoanthropology7.__D___Primatology8.__K___Paleopathology9.__J___Anthropometry10.__C___Molecular Anthropology11.__A___Osteology12.__M___Applied Anthropology13.__F___Forensic Anthropology Exam #1 Study Guide A. The study of the skeletonB. The study of human speech and languageC. The study of evolutionary relationships between human populations and nonhuman primates with advanced technologyD. The study of nonhuman primatesE. The study of human biology within an evolutionary frameworkF. Anthropological and osteological studiesfor legal issuesG. The study of human kindH. The study of all aspects of human behaviorI. The study of earlier cultures through the recovery, analysis, and interpretations ofmaterial remainsJ. The measurement of human body partsK. The study of bones that show evidence of trauma, infectious diseases, nutrition deficiencies or other conditions.L. Scientific study of human fossilsM. The practical application of anthropological and archaeological theories and techniques- 4 Focuses of Physical Anthropology: Cultural Anthropology, Archaeology, Linguistics, Physical Anthropology- Culture:Behavioral aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. A set of learned behaviors passed from generation to the next.o “big C” o “little C”- Ethnocentrism: tendency to judge all other groups according to the standards, behaviors and customs ofone's own group- Cultural Relativism:Viewing entities as they relate to something else. The view that cultures have merits within their own historical and environmental contexts- Ethnography: the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures- Ethnology: the study of the characteristics of variouspeoples and the differences and relationships betweenANT 102 1st EditionChapter 21.__E___John Ray2.__J___Thomas Malthus3.__I___Alfred Russel Wallace4.___F__Jean-Baptiste Lamarck5.__A___Charles Lyell6.__G___George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon7.__H___Charles Darwin8.__B___Carolus Linnaeus9.__D___George Cuvier10.__C___Gregor Mendel11.__L___Erasmus Darwin12.__K___Mary AnningA. Argued that the geological processes observed in the present are the same as those in the past, called Uniformitarianism.B. Developed a classification of plants and animals known as the Systems of NatureC. Discovered how heredity works by experimenting with pea plantsD. Argued that increased complexity of species was the result of regional catastrophism over time and the conceptof extinctionE. Coined the word “species” as two plantsor animals that could mate to produce a viable offspringF. Argued that environmental change would cause a species to physically change based on its new activityG. Argued that when groups of organisms migrate to new areas, they would gradually change as a result of adaption to the new environmentH. Published On the Origin of Species in December of 1859I. Discovered the theory of natural selection but takes second placeJ. Argued that population sizes will grow exponentially while food supplies remain relatively stableK. Amateur geologist and famous ‘fossilist’L. Argued that life originated in the sea andall species come from a common ancestorChapter 3 Terms- Uniformitarianism:The concept that the geological process that took place in the past are similar to those that occur now.- Definition of Evolution- Evolutionary Theoryo Natural Selection:the most critical mechanism of evolutionary change, first described by Charles Darwin. Refers to genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals.o Biocultural evolution:The mutual interaction between biology and culture in influencing evolution- Bipedal: uses only two legs for walking- Population:within a species, a community of individuals where mates are usually found.- Creationism:the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, as in the biblical account, rather than byCells: the basic units of all living thingsProkaryotic Cells: A cell without a nucleus and other organellesEukaryotic Cells: A cell that possesses both organelles and a nucleus that is surrounded by anuclear membraneRibosomes: Structures composed of a form of RNA called ribosomal RNA and protein. Ribosomes are found in a cell’s cytoplasm and are essential to the manufacture of proteinsProteins: three-dimensional molecules that serve a wide variety of functions through their ability to bind to other moleculesProtein Synthesis: the manufacture of proteins; the assembly of chains of amino acids into functional protein molecules, is directed by DNA Clone: organisms that are genetically identical to another organism Codominance: the expression of two alleles in heterozygotes. In this situation, neither allele is dominant or recessive, so they both influence thephenotypeCodons: triplets of messenger RNA bases that code for specific amino acids during protein synthesisNucleus: A structure (organelle) found in all eukaryotic cells. The nucleus contains DNA that,during cell division, is organized into chromosomes. Molecules: Structures made up of two or more atoms. Molecules can combine with other molecules to form more complex structures. Cytoplasm: The semifluid substance contained within the cell membrane. The nucleus and numerous other kinds of structures involved with cell function are found within the cytoplasmSomatic Cells: all the cells in the body except those involved with reproductionmRNA: a form or RNA that’s assembled on a sequence of DNA bases. It carries the DNA codeto the ribosome during protein synthesis tRNA: the form of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosomeduring protein synthesis Genome: the entire genetic makeup of an individual or speciesGene: a sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein, a portion of a protein, or any functional product (for example RNA). A gene may be made up of hundreds or thousands of DNA bases organized into coding and noncoding segmentsGametes: reproductive cells (eggs and sperm in animals) developed from precursor cells in ovaries and testesZygote: a cell formed by the union of an egg