GBIO 153 H 1st EditionExam # 2 Study GuideLecture: DarwinDARWIN-- Medical school at 16- Started out to be a physician but decided that he didn’t like medicine- Christ college; studied theology and geology- Grant, stole Darwin’s work and published itSteven Henslow- preacher, friend and beetle collectorCaptain Fitzroy- captain of HMS Beagle - Scientific expedition ship; needs a naturalist  Find food and water resources- Wanted Darwin to prove biblical creation and fixity - Darwin got lucky- went on the trip on the HMS beagle- Meets Fitzroy; he doesn’t like Darwin because he had a round nose (commoner round nose)- Sailed the day after Christmas in 1831- 1836 (5 yr. journey) - Cross the Atlantic to Brazil- Uruguay- found fossils (sloths)Lyell- Principals of Geology- book taught him that the earth was ever changingGalapagos Islands- Enchanting islands- Tortoise- rode them- Iguana- land and marine - Mockingbirds- 3 types- Finches- Arguments with Fitzroy- creation Darwin gets sick-Assumption= Chaga’s Disease; bitten by the “kissing bug”-Returns back to England in 1836 as a hero but sicklyDarwin and Emma Wichwood- cousins, both rich, marries each other- 7 kids live to adulthoodMoves to the country-Kent- Down House, EnglandThe Big Book- Hidden under the stairway-Wrote over 25000 letters to people around the world- Darwin establishes the correct treatment of animalsDarwin the family man-Favorite daughter- Annie-Annie got really sick and passed away-Darwin- why would the love of god take away a beautiful child like Annie-The loss of Annie broke Darwin’s heartAfter the return from Galapagos Islands-He got really sick-Gets a letter from A.R Wallas -Wallas is a naturalist-Every sentence seemed a fitting heading for the Big Book-We don’t give Wallas enough creditDarwin and Wallas-Publish the letter together-“Nothing important happened in science this year”1859 The origin of Species- Book published-Explained a new way for the origin of life on earth -Younger people supported it -Established people (fundamentalist) hated itJoseph Hooker-botanist; Darwin’s buddy; helps DarinT.H. Huxley- biologist, comparative analysis; nicknamed Darwin’s Bulldog; very effective-Huxley was a great scientist-Hooker and Huxley represented Darwin at the debateWilberforce-opposed Darwin at the debate; great speaker but didn’t know anything about BiologyRichard Owen- Wilberforce contacted him for biology insight; he was one of Darwin’s friends but he became poor and jealous of Darwin. He also was an enemy of Huxley and Huxley often won.He decided to publish on the origin of speciesThe Great Debate- Wilberforce is the first to debate. He used silly analogies. - Huxley is first to counter Wilberforce. He would rather be a descendent from a monkey than a cheating, lying man.Darwin BurialHe wanted to be buried next to his daughter, but Hooker and Huxley asked the queen if he could be buried in the place where all the famous people and knights are buried. She gave them permission.The origin of species - Variations of all degrees exists within a species of nature- Organisms produce more young than naturally can be expected to surviveo Malthos- fed Darwin’s ideas- Survival of the fittest - In life, there is a struggle to survive“That’s so simple I should’ve thought of that- Artificial and natural selectiono Geometric ratio of increaseo Mother nature makes the call- Decent without modification **gives us a new view of the universe**Lecture: EvolutionProof of Evolution:Macroevolution- Above the species level- Things you can see/holdMicroevolution- At the species level- Deals with population genetics- Genetic drift, bottleneck Types of Macroevolution-Paleontology- study of fossil-Fossils- the remains or signs of something that lived in the past-Fossils can tell you shape, size, age, etcRules for Fossilization1. Possession of hard parts (bones or shells)2. Quick burial 3. Have to protect specimen from scavengers and rotting (oxygen cant get to it)Fossils in ICE- Siberia, Alaska, North Pole- Find: Wolly Mammals, etc.o 30,000 years old or younger- Otci- ice man- Franklin Expedition Fossils in AMBER- Fossilized tree sap- Preserves the whole organism- Makes jewelry Fossils in BOGS- Pete Moss- Tollund man-still had a noose around his neck- The body sinks in the moss, the moss dies, and lowers the pH balance where bacteria can not break down the bodyFossils from TAR- Places that have a lot of volcanic activity (asphaltum)- Preserved in a ball- La Brea tar pit in LA, CA – saber tooth cats- Preserves the bones (skeletons) Mummies- South American and Egyptian mummification- Human- type mummification- Dried out animals= natural mummificationo Lizards, etco Caught up in your houseo Arid conditionso Leaves behind skin and scales- Dinosaur- Leonardo; male, perfectly preserved COAL- Can find big amphibians, etcSEDIMENT- Gravel in the driveway is sedimentary fossils- Former rivers, bluffsPseudo fossil- Not really fossils- Casts, molds, fossilized footprints, traces (tracks,etc.)Gastroliths and Coprolites- Gastroliths= gizzard stoneo Muscular pouch that breaks down the food (earthworm, bird, dino)- Coprolites=fossilized feces o Can tell what they ate, what kind of climate they lived in How do you know how old a fossil is?- Experience- Relative datingo Ballpark, reasonable amount of time= period or erao Date the layer by the fossil and the fossil by the layer= circular reasoningo INDEX FOSSIL- used to age a layer - Absolute datingo Carbon dating- half life and other dumb stuff I don’t understando Doesn’t go deep into the species… its only good for recent fossilso There are other means of absolute datingChemical Origin of Life- 4.2 billion years ago- bacteria fossils- 3.5-3.8 billion years ago- 1920sOparin and Haldan- came up with the explanations of the chemical origin of life in the 1920o Abiogenesis- inorganic molecules can give rise to organic stuff Lots of hydrogen gas H2, CO2, CO, Water vapor, CH4, NH2, SO2, H2OUrey- Miller- Abiogenisis (step one)- Polymerization (step 2)- Aggregation (3)- things begin to interact- biontsGOLDILOCKS idea- We are the right distance from the sun- We have water in the liquid state- temperature ranges- Size of the planet (gravitational forces)5 Steps of the chemical origin on Earth:Abiotic SynthesisPolymerization Aggregation- interactionsConquest of energy- ATP Origin of the genetic code- gives us the language of life, reproduction abilities, mutations,