Biology 1442 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Chapter 40-49Lecture 1 (January 26)Introduction to Plant Structure, Growth, and Development What are angiosperms? Describe the two different types of angiosperms?-Angiosperms are flowering plants. Two types are monocots and eudicots – monocots have parallel vein while eudicots have branchy veins Describe plants hierarchical organization. What are plant organs, tissues, and cells?-Plants are made up of organs which are made up of tissues, tissues consist of one or more types of cells.Cells are the basic components of biotic organisms, there are three different types of cells. The basic plant organs are roots, stems, and leaves.How do plants get nutrients? Explain the root and shoot systems.- Plants get nutrients from the root system which is below ground and rely on sugar (made during photosynthesis) from the shoot system. The shoot system is above ground starting at the stem upward and relies on water and minerals coming from the root system. List the different two types of roots and their functions.- Primary root: first root that forms lateral roots - Lateral roots: increase surface area and allows more water and minerals to be absorbed What Is the taproot system?- Plants need this so that they don’t topple over when it has a lot of weight What are trailing plants?- short plants with adventitious roots (roots that are above group from the stem), lateral roots, fibrous roots systemDescribe the function of root hairs.- increase surface area What are the three major plant organs? Describe the organs and their functions.- Roots: absorbs water and minerals, anchors the plant to the ground, store, carbohydrates (sugars)- Stems: organ made up of nodes, points that leaves are connected to the stem- Leaves: Leaves are similar to a flattened blade and are the main photosynthetic organ of vascularplants. Leaves intercept light, gas exchange, let go of heat, defend plant against herbivores and pathogens What are the three types of plant tissues?- Dermal, vascular, and ground tissues Describe trichomes and the function.- Trichomes are microscopic spikes with waxy coating that help prevent water loss, insects, and virusesWhat is the vascular system? Describe its function.- The vascular system is made up of two types of tissues, together they are called a stele, a solid bundle of tissue that transports materials and provides mechanical support to the plant. It is easiest to remember the vascular system as a skeleton.What are the two types of vascular tissues used in transport? What do they transport?- Xylem moves water and dissolves minerals up to the shoots- Phloem transports sugars to the roots Differentiate the two types of Xylem cells and their functionsTrachids- long thin cells with tapered ends, dead at functional maturity Vessels- wider, shorter, thinner walled cells that are less tapered than trachids, help the flow of water through the plant. Vessels are more common to angiospermsDifferentiate the two types of Phloem Cells - Sieve tube elements : alive at functional maturity, they do not have organelles - Sieve plates- have porous walls that allow fluid to move along the sieve tube What organ or cell do companion cells assist and what do they make?- Companion cells help make proteins What are the three types of plant cells? Describe these cells and their function.- Parenchyma cells are frequently referred to as stem cells. They are thin and flexible primary walls, they do not have secondary walls. Parenchyma cells are unspecialized and do many tasks such as perform metabolic functions, divide and differentiate. Like stem cells they conduct basic and complex functions. Photosynthesis occurs in the parenchyma cells. (P in parenchyma stands for photosynthesis)- Collenchyma cells are grouped in strands and help support the shoots, these cells have thick and uneven cell walls, and are specialized for flexible support. Collenchyma are similar to the muscular cells in animals.- Sclerenchyma cells provide rigid and thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin, a polymer. These cells are dead at functional maturity and do not elongate or grow. A good way to remember these cells is as the skeleton. Sclerenchyma = skeleton What are the components of determinate and indeterminate growth?- Indeterminate growth is continuous growth throughout the plants entire life, perpetual embryonic tissue of meristems allows for continuous plant growth- Determinate growth stops at a certain point in the plants life What are meristems? Describe the function of the two basic types of meristems apical and lateral. Differentiate the two different types of lateral meristems?- Meristems are embryonic cells that give rise to new cells - Initials or stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can perform any basic or complex function- Apical meristems allow plant to get longer at the roots and the shoots by supplying them with cells, which assists in primary growth- Lateral meristems allow the plant to get thicker (woody), assist in secondary growth Lateral meristems consist of vascular cambium, which adds extra tissue to the plant and gives xylem and phloem (vascular system) and cork cambium that adds “bark” or replaces epidermis with periderm and protect the plant from predators and water loss.-Lecture 2 (January 28)Continuation of plant structure, growth, and developmentWhat are the three types of flowering plants and how long does it take each to complete its life cycle?- Annuals take one year or less to complete their life cycle- Biannuals take two years to complete their life cycle- Perennials live for many years, sometimes even thousands of years, examples of this type of flowering plant is trees or shrubs Determine the definition of primary growth, the basic functions, and the correct sequence of the zones ofplant growthPrimary growth is elongation and lengthening, it starts from cells in the apical meristemZone of cell division: cells divideZone of elongation: root pushes into the ground Zone of differentiation: cells become specialized What are stomata, functions? Name the cells are specialized to assist the stomata in opening and closing.- Tiny pores that open and close based on gas exchange in plant leaves. When the stomata are open CO2 goes into the plant and 02 goes out, water loss also occurs when the stomata are open. Stomata open at certain times of the day according to circadian rhythms or the internal biological clock. Each stomata has