Zoo 425 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 20 - 26Lec. 20 – 4/14• cooperation cot’d. ◦ group selection - group is under selection unlike natural selection where only individual is selected on▪ cooperation arises in group when group selection > individual selection• communication◦ definitions▪ E.O Wilson - action on the part of one organism that alters the probability pattern of behavior in another organism in a fashion adaptive to either one or both of the participants ▪ Bradbury and Vehrencamp- the provision of information that can beutilized by a receiver to make a decision…an exchange of a signal between a sender and a receiver to the benefit of both parties▪ formalized communication terminology ◦ functions:▪ 1. recognition▪ of neighbors, intruders, family▪ 2. reproduction ▪ any form of mating ritual▪ 3. alarm▪ 4. food/resource location◦ components:▪ sender▪ recipient▪ signal - information sent by sender▪ channel - medium/physical form used to transmit signal ◦ types of signals:▪ chemical - information send via unique compounds, received via gustation, olfaction▪ auditory - ▪ visual - information sent via differential reflectance of light, receivedvia sight▪ tactile - information transmitted via touch▪ includes vibrational/mechanical information Chemical Auditory VisualRange long long MediumRate of signalchangeslow fast FastAbility to go pastobjects good good poorNight use? yes yes littleLocate sender- depends uponcomplexity ofenvironment and ifsender wants to bepinpointedvariable variablehighEnergetic cost low high low◦ signal quality▪ degradation - quality of signal is reduced and information content altered (usually lowered)▪ attenuation - reduction in detectability of the signal▪ dependent on communication medium and channel▪ how signal changes when moving from sender to receiver ◦ information to communicate: ▪ where? — direction and distance ◦ communication via waggle dance ▪ error in process; based on sun detection ▪ should get you close enough to visually detect food source once nearby ▪ length of run is scaled to how far the food source is ▪ angle shows direction of food source • chickadees◦ 2 types of call: ▪ see alarm call for moving predators▪ chick-a-dee alarm call for stationary predators (captors that are perched and could be a threat)◦ transmission of more than just simple info ▪ D notes signify wingspan of predator ◦ receivers can understand signal and act accordingly▪ sound of chickadee’s alarm attacks predators• illegitimate receivers - “eavesdroppers"◦ aggressive mimicry - sender uses a signal to intentionally manipulate thereceiver▪ manipulation◦ ex. photinus vs photuris fireflies▪ female photuris are larger and attract males, male descends to mate and photuris then eats the male ◦ ex. assassin bugs▪ lure spider prey ▪ pierce prey and suck out juices ▪ induces communication on spider web• plant behavior and communication◦ Karban paperLec. 21 – 4/16• Plant communication ◦ Karban’s dichotomous key ◦ evidence of intraspecific and interspecific signaling via VOCs (v organic compounds)▪ plants detect chemicals emitted by other plants and use that info to change their own strategies ▪ defenses sometimes brought about after external signaling ▪ cost of being paranoid relevant tradeoff▪ predictability of attackif you can garner information - react to itinduced defense must be plastic (able to be turned on or off) based on environmental cue if you cant gauge info - keep defenses at all time constitutive defense ▪ if your neighbor is getting eaten, you’re probably next ▪ base defenses on neighbor’s fate • when to sprout◦ too early — environment kills you◦ too late — presence of other seedings kills you◦ glean info from environment to avoid bad outcomes • plants integrate information about nutrients and neighbors ◦ nutrient homogeneity in the soil▪ single plant grows roots throughout▪ multiple plants don’t invest in roots so heavily ◦ nutrients condensed in middle of soil ▪ single plant grows same as it did in homogenous ▪ multiple plants: root growth is focused on nutrient patch▪ if there’s something worth racing for in a competitive environment it’s worth racing for it • exposure of Solidago altissimo plants to volatile emissions (pheromones) of insect antagonist deters subsequent herbivory◦ produces a gall in the plant ◦ when plant is exposed to mating pheromone of an herbivore, they’re less palatable to specialist herbivores ◦ intercepts communication btwn evolutionary sender and receiver ◦ it’s best to use cues that herbivores can’t help but make • distance measurement ◦ bees:▪ need to be able to assess directionality and communicate distance to hivemates▪ 2 hypotheses:▪ energetic odometer - measure distance based on amount of energy needed to get to target ▪ visual odometer - measure distance by integrating image movement across the eye during trip ▪ E —> distance ▪ influenced by wind, load size, ,movement▪ honeybee navigation: nature and calibration of the odometer ▪ round dance - when bees believe that target is less than 50m from hive▪ waggle dance - occurs if bees believe that the target is >50m from hive ◦ ants:▪ odometers:▪ energetic — not supported bc ants know how well they went regardless of what they’re carrying ▪ visual — not supported bc ants can judge distance in completely dark environments ▪ pedometer hypothesis - bc travel on straight surface ▪ testing the pedometer hypothesis in the desert ant, Cataglyphis fortis ▪ data and model match very well Lec. 22 – 4/21• Quantifying movement◦ 1. mark and recapture and see how far they travelled◦ 2. translocations◦ 3. radio transmitters◦ assuming that your method doesn’t affect movement Landscape EcologyLandscape is about scale = what constitutes landscape differs among organismsDefinition : the mosaic of habitat patches in which a particular habitat patch (focal patch)is embedded (Wiens et al) • Landscape Ecology considers: (1989)• Development and dynamics of spatial heterogeneity• Interactions and exchanges across heterogeneous landscapes• Influences of spatial heterogeneity on biotic and abiotic processes• Management of spatial heterogeneity • How Behavioral Ecology and Landscape Ecology connect◦ Functional Connectivity: